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Seals of Plantagenet, De Bohun, and Holland.

H E R A L D RY

^tuieni unit |^ob«nt.

INCLUDING

BOUTELL’S HERALDRY,

EDITED AND REVISED, WITH ADDITIONS,

BY

S. T. AVELING.

487 Illustrations.

LONDON :

FREDERICK WARNE AND CO.,

BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

New York: SCRIBNER, WELFORD, AND ARMSTRONG.

Hi-OVO, Umi

:^Ioi Y

TO

RALPH NEVILLE GRENVILLE, M.A., F S,A.,

KNIGHT OF THE SHIRE FOR MID-SOMERSET,

THIS VOLUME IS INSCRIBED.

PREFACE.

URING the many pleasant hours which the study
of Heraldry haa afforded me, I have frequently
regretted that there were so few of my immediate friends
who could share in my enjoyment, or who had any love for
this most charming and fascinating art ; I therefore lost
no opportunity of cultivating in them a kindred taste, and,
in some instances, with much success.

Having so far succeeded at home, I was induced to wish
for an extension of that appreciation abroad, and, to forward
such wish, commenced this volume.

During the progress of the book, an opportunity occurred
of purchasing the copyright of Boutell’s large work on
the same subject, and that portion most useful to the
student is herewith incorporated.

Vlll

PREFACE.

The numerous allusions to Heraldry by our best poets
and writers make its study almost a necessity. Shakspeare,
Scott, and Tennyson cannot possibly be understood with-
out a knowledge of Heraldry ; and I would express a hope
that every student will derive from the graceful art the
same gratification that it. has given me.

S. T. A.

Rochester,
October.^ 1873.

CONTENTS.

Page

Preface

List of Illustrations

Introduction. — Antiquity and Origin of Armorial Devices — Early use
of Badges — Unauthorized use of Arms — Heraldry the handmaid of
History ............ i

CHAPTER I.

The Shield. — Its Varieties of Shape at different Periods — Its Parts and
Points — Architectural Representations of the Shield — Escutcheons of
Ladies 6

CHAPTER II.

The Tinctures, — Metals, Colours, and Furs — Method of Representing
the various Tinctures in uncoloured illustrations . . . . 1 1

CHAPTER HI.

Partition Lines. — Methods of dividing a Shield into two or more parts
— Terms applied to the Divisions and Subdivisions — Ornamental
Divisional Lines . . . . . . . . . • i?

CHAPTER IV.

Honourable Ordinaries and thejr Diminutives. — Chief, Pale,
Bend, Fesse, Cross, Saltire, &c. : their Form, and the space occupied
by them on the Field .........

20

X

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V.

Subordinaries. — Canton, Gyron, Inescutcheon, Orle, Tressure, Lozenge,
Fusil, Frette, Flanch, Mascle, Rustre, Label, Billet, Bordure, Pile,
Flasque

CHAPTER VI.

Roundels. — Bezant, Plate, Hurte, Torteau, Pomme, Golp, Pellet,
Orange, Guze, Fountain — Various Shields illustrating Roundels

CHAPTER VII.

The Cross. — Its Heraldic varieties — Crosses formed of four or more
Charges

CHAPTER VIII.

Varied Fields. — Paly, Bendy, Barry, Lozengy, Fusilly, Chequy .

CHAPTER IX.

Diaper. — Its application to Seals, Painted Glass. &c.

CHAPTER X.

Varieties and Combinations of Ordinaries. — Accidental positions
of Ordinaries — Charges arranged in the form of Ordinaries

CHAPTER XL

Coats of Arms. — The Surcoat, Cyclas, Jupon, Tabard, Mantle

CHAPTER XII.

Charges. — The Lion in its various Attitudes — Various Animals of Prey
and of the Chase — Birds, Fish, Reptiles, and Insects

Page

28

34

38

47

52

55

63

75

CONTENTS.

XI

CHAPTER XIII.

Page

Blazoning. — Heraldic Language 98

CHAPTER XIV.

Glossary. — Titles, Names, and Terms 103

CHAPTER XV.

Marshalling. — Order — Combination — Quartering — Dimidiation — Im-
palement— Arms of Alliance, Augmentation, and Pretence — The Ac-
cessories of the Shield . . . . . . . . .210

CHAPTER XVI.

Cadency and Differencing. — Marks of Cadency — Ancient and Modem

System of Differencing — Differences of Illegitimacy .... 233

CHAPTER XVII.

Crowns, Coronets, &c. — Royal Crowns and Coronets — Heraldic Crowns
and Coronets — Cap of Maintenance — Mitres . . . . .261

CHAPTER XVIII.

Royal Heraldry. — Arms of the English Sovereigns and of the Royal

Princes and Princesses . .278

CHAPTER XIX.

Augmentation. — Origin — Examples 384

CHAPTER XX.

Crests.— 297

CHAPTER XXI.

Badges. — Use of— Royal and Noble Badges — Punning Devices — Knots . 303

CONTENTS.

xii

CHAPTER XXII.

Page

Supporters. — Introduction of — Royal Supporters 315

CHAPTER XXIII.

Mottoes. — War-cry, Allusive, and Religious — Royal Mottoes, and Mot-
toes of the Knightly Orders . . . . . . . .321

CHAPTER XXIV.

Helmets. — Saxon, Norman, and Mediaeval — Pleraldic Helms of Princes,

Nobles, Baronets, and Esquires ....... 325

CHAPTER XXV.

Genealogies. — Examples of Arrangement 332

CHAPTER XXVI.

Precedence 337

CHAPTER XXVII.

College of Arms. — Its constitution-and purpose .... 342
CHAPTER XXVIII.

Flags. — Pennon, Banner, Standard, and Ensign . . . . *355

CHAPTER XXIX.

Official and Corporate Heraldry.— Arms of English Sees and Uni-
versities ............ 361

CHAPTER XXX.

Miscellaneous. — Architectural and Monumental Heraldry — Emblems
of the Evangelists — Tricking — Book-Plates — Modern Grants of Arms 365

CONTENTS,

Kill

CHAPTER XXXI.

Page

Knighthood. — Its Antiquity — Orders of the Garter, Thistle, St. Patrick,
Bath, St. Michael, and St. George, and the Star of India. Decora-
tions of Honour — Victoria Cross, Albert Medal, &c. &c. . . . 372

CHAPTER XXXII.

Seals and Coins. — Legal value of Seals. Design and workmanship in

Seal Engraving .......... 392

General Index .,,,,000,.. 405

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

1. Heraldic Shield 7

2. Shield from the Percy monument 7

3. Ditto from monument of John of

Eltham 7

4. Shield a botiche 7

5. Ditto ditto 7

6. Ditto ditto 7

7. Heraldic Shield 7

8. Shield a boitche 7

g. The Points of the Shield 8

10. Achievement of Arms of Humphrey

Stafford 9

IT, Example of Shield from St. Albans... 10

12. Or, represented in engraving 12

13. Argent ditto 12

14. Azure ditto 13

15. Gules ditto 13

16. Sable ditto 13

17. Vert ditto 13

18. Purpure ditto 13

19. Ermine 14

20 Ermines 14

21. Erminois 14

22. Vair, Modern 14

23. Ditto, Ancient 14

24. Counter-Vair 14

25. Potent 14

26. Counter-Potent 14

27. Early Ermine Spots 16

28. Shield divided per Pale 17

29. Ditto Fesse 17

30. Ditto Cross 17

Page

31. Shield divided per Bend 17

32. Ditto Saltire 17

33. Ditto Chevron 17

34. Quarterly of Eight 18

35. Ditto Quartered 18

36. Engrailed 19

37. Invected 19

38. Wavy or Undee 19

39. Nebulee 19

40. Indented 19

41. Dancette 19

42. Embattled 19

43. Ragulee 19

44. Dovetail 19

45. Potentee 19

46. Shield of the City of London 20

47. A Chief 21

48. A Pale 21

49. A Pallet 21

50. An Endorse 21

51. A Bend 21

52. A Bendlet 21

53. A Cost 21

54. A Riband 21

55. A Bend Sinister 21

56. A Scarp 21

57. A Baton 21

58. A Fesse 21

59. A Bar 21

60. A Closet 21

61. A Barrulet 21

62. A Cross 21

XVI

UST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page

63. A Saltire at

64. A Chevron 21

65. A Chevronel 21

66. A Chief 21

67. The Canton 29

68. The Gyron 29

69. The Inescutcheon 29

70. The Orle 29

71. The Tressure 29

72. The Lozenge 29

73. The Fusil 29

74. The Frette 29

75. The Flanch 31

76. The Mascle 31

77. The Rustre 31

78. The Label 31

79. The Billet 33

80. The Bordure 33

81. The Pile 33

82. The Flasque 33

83. The Bezant 34

84. The Plate 34

85. The Hurte 34

86. The Torteau 34

87. The Pomme 34

88. The Golp 34

89. The Pellet 34

90. The Orange 34

91. The Guze 34

92. The Fountain 34

93. Arms of Grenville 36

94. Ditto Earl of Bradford 36

95. Ditto Haynes 36

96. Ditto Wellesley 36

97. Ditto Wake 36

98. Ditto Boughey 36

99. Shield of Effigy at Whitworth 37

100. Arms of the Crusader Kings of Jeru-

salem 38

101. Ditto ditto ditto 38

102. Cross Flamant r. 39

103. Ditto Raguly 39

104. Ditto Engrailed 39

105. Ditto of Six Fillets 39

106. Ditto Double parted 39

107. Ditto Voided 39

X08. Ditto Fimbriated 39

109. Ditto Pierced 39

Page

no. Cross Quarterly 39

111. Ditto Patriarchal 39

1 12. Ditto Nowed 39

113. Ditto Quadrate 39

114. Ditto, Four Fusils in 41

115. Ditto of Four Ermine Spots 41

it6. Ditto Patee 41

1 1 7. Ditto Patee Concaved 41

1 18. Ditto Patonce 42

ng. Ditto Fleurie 42

120. Ditto Urdee 42

I2T. Ditto Recercelee 43

122. Ditto Crosslet 43

123. Ditto Fleurettee 43

124. Ditto Patee entire 43

125. Fragment of a Shield at Whatton ... 46

126. Ancient Shield of the Nevilles 47

127. Arms of De Grey 48

128. Paly of Six 48

129. Bendy of Ten 48

130. Barry Bendy 48

131. Paly Bendy 48

132. Lozengy 48

133. Fusilly 48

134. Chequy 48

135. Barry Nebulee of Six 48

136. Paly 50

137. Gyronny of Eight 50

138. Ditto Six 50

139. Barry Pily 50

140. Compony 51

141. Counter-Compony 51

142. Counter Changed 51

143. Bcrdure Bendy 51

144. Shield of Robert de Vere 52

145. ■ Ditto Foubert de Doure 52

146. Diaper of the Seal of Thomas Plan-

tagenet, K.G 54

147. Arms of the City of Rochester 55

148. Chief Engrailed 56

149. Fesse and Canton 56

150. Chief and Saltire 56

151. Ditto Bend 56

152. Fesse and Bend 56

153. Bend Cotised 5b

154. Ditto Removed or Fracted 56

155. Ditto Arched 56

156. Two Bends ... 5^

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

XV 11

Page

157. Bend Wavy 56

158. Ditto Vair 56

159. Ditto Fleiiry Coiinter-Fleury 56

160. Chevron Abaisse 56

161. Ditto Reversed 56

162. Ditto Couched 56

163. Bendlets Engrailed 56

164. Three Pallets 56

165. Three Chevrons interlaced 56

166. Fesse between Two Chevrons 56

167. Chevron Couped 56

168. Arms of Byron 57

169. Ditto De Clare 58

170. Three Piles meeting m base 59

171. Ditto transposed 59

172. Ditto in point 59

173. Ditto terminating in fesse 59

174. Early Shield of De Neville 60

175. Ditto De Lacy 60

176. Fusils in Fesse 61

177. Lozenges conjoined in fesse 61

178. Ditto in pale 61

179. Bend of Fusils 61

180. Lances in Fesse 6r

181. Swords in Saltire 61

182. Bezants in Cross 61

183. Arrow in Bend 61

184. Arms of Champagne 62

185. Effigy of Flenry, first Duke of Lan-

caster 65

186. Jupon from the effigy of Sir Edmund

de Thorpe 67

187. Tabard of John Feld 69

188. Mantle of Lady Tiptoft 74

189. Crown and Shield of the time of

Henry III 75

190. Lion Rampant 78

191. Ditto Guardant 78

192. Ditto Reguardant 78

193. Lion Sejant Rampant 78

194. Ditto Sejant 78

195. Ditto Dismembered 78

196. Crest of the Duke of Northumber-

land 81

197. The Howard Lion 81

198. Lion Coward 82

199. Conventional Form of Lions 84

200. Ditto 84

Page

201. Conventional Form of Lions 85

202. Shield of Effigy of a Knight of the

time of Edward II 87

203. Shield of Abbot Ramryge 83

204. Imperial Eagle, from the tomb of

William de Valence 90

205. Imperial Eagle from a monument at

King’s Langley 91

206. Shield of William I.ongspee, Earl

of Salisbury 97

207. Ancient Shield of France, from

Westminster Abbey ico

208. Coudiere and Knot 102

209. Achievement of Arms of John

Daubygne 104

210. Admiralty Flag 106

21 1. Annulets Conjoined J07

212. Annulet 107

213. Barnacles or Breys 113

214. Ditto 113

215. Caltraps or Galtraps 120

216. Ditto 120

217. Chess Rook 124

218 Ditto 124

219. Early example of Clarion or Rest... 125

220. Ditto ditto ... 125

221. Ditto ditto ... 125

222. Ditto ditto ... 125

223. Counter-Changed 130

224. Covered Cup 132

225. Crescent 132

226. Eagle Displayed, from the monu-

ment of Abbot Ramryge 137

227. Dolphin from the Brass to Nicholas

Aumberdene 138

228. Arms of Hay 143

229. Shield of the Black Prince..., 145

230. Early example of Fleur-de-lis 149

231. Ditto ditto 149“'

232. Ditto ditto 149

233. Ditto ditto 149

234. Fylot or Fylfot 151

235. Galley or Lymphad 151

236. Arms of Chester 152

237. Gutiee du sang 156

238. Ditto rever.sed 156

239. Flemp-brake or Hackle 160

240. Ditto : 160

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

xviii

Page

241 Arms of Leveson 166

242. Seal of Sir 'I'homas Lucy 169

243. Early example of Maunche 172

244. Ditto ditto 172

245. Ditto ditto 172

246. Maunche with Arm 172

247. Merchant’s Mark 173

248. Ditto 173

249. Collar of Mermaids 173

250. Millrind or Millrine 173

251. Mil'rind 173

252. Ditto 173

253. Ditto 173

254. Monogram and Collar of John Baret 174

255. Panache from the Stall-Plate of

John Lord Scrope 179

256. Penner and Inkhorn 181

257. Pheon 181

258. Pommel of the Sword-hilt of the

Black Prince 183

259. Arms of Hesse Darmstadt 186

260. Rose of York and Lancaster 189

261. Ditto ditto 189

262. Rose-en-solell 189

263. Salamander 191

264. Scaling-Ladder 192

265. Shield and Supporters of Jaspar

Tudor, K, G 198

266. Turnpike 205

267. Turnstile 205

268. Early example of Water Bouget ... 208

269. Ditto ditto ... 208

270. Ditto ditto ... 208

271. Ditto ditto ... 2o3

272. Shield of John de Hastings, K.G. 210

273. Seal of Joan de Warrenne 212

274 Ditto Saint Quintin 212

275. Secretum of Thomas Plantagenet... 213
”276. Seal of Elizabeth Lady Bardolph... 214

277. Ditto Matilda de Filliol 214

278. Shield of the Earldom of Essex ... 215

279. Ditto Hereford Earldom ... 2T5

280. Ditto Earldom of Essex ... 215

zGr. Quartered Shield of Arms borne by

Isabella, Queen of Edward II. ... 219

2S2. Arms of the Cinque Ports 221

283. Impaled Shield of Clare and Fitz-
gerald..., 221

Page

284. Arms of Wood 223

285. Impaled Shield of Wood and Ellis 223

286. Arms of El! is 223

287. Ditto Stafford 227

288. Quartered Arms of Stafford and

Butler 227

289. Arms of Stafford inrpaling Campbell 227

290. Illustration of Marshalling 227

291. Ditto 227

292. Ditto 227

293. Ditto 227

294. Ditto 227

295. Ditto 227

296. Arms of De Mortimer 229

297. Ditto ditto 229

298. Ditto Queen PhilippaofHainault 232

299. Ditto Edward I , as Prince Royal 233

300. Example of Label 236

301. Ditto 236

302. A. B. and C. Examples of Labels 237

303. Shield of Henry Plantagenet of

Bolingbroke 237

303A. Arms of De Courtenay 238

303B. Ditto 238

304. Shield of Sir Edward de Montague 240

305. Ditto William I.e Latymer 241

306. Ditto Thomas Le Latymer 241

307. Ditto De Grandison 247

308. Differenced Shield of De Grandison 247

309. Ditto ditto 247

310. Ditto ditto 247

31 1. Ditto ditto 247

312. Ditto ditto 247

313. Shield of Neville differenced with

a Crescent 253

314. Ditto with a Fleur-de-lis 253

315. Ditto with a Mullet 253

316 Ditto with a Label 253

317. Ditto with ditto 253

318. Ditto with ditto 253

319. Ditto with a Roundel 253

320. Ditto with a Martlet 253

32>. Ditto with a Rose 253

322. Ditto with a Cinquefoil 253

323. Ditto with two Annulets interlaced 253

324. The Label 255

325. The Crescent 255

326. The Mullet 255

LIST OF ILLUSTRA TIONS.

XIX

Page

■^■2’j. The Martlet 255

328. The Annulet 255

329. The Fleur-de lis 255

330. The Rose 255

331. The Cross Moline 255

332. The Double Quatrefoil 255

333. Shield of Ralph de Arundel 256

334. Mantling of George Plantagenet,

K.G 258

335. Mantling of Earl Rivers 258

336. Ditto . Henry Bourchier, K.G. 258

337. Crown from the monument of Mar-

garet, Countess of Richmond 261

338. Crown of Edward II 262

330. Ditto Henry IV 262

340. Ditto Henry VII 263

341. Imperial Crown 263

342. State Crown of Her Majesty the

Queen 264

343. Coronet of the late Prince Consort 265

344. Prussian Crown 265

345. Coronet of H.R.H. the Prince of

Wales 266

346. Duke’s Coronet 267

347. Marquess’s Ditto 267

348. Earl’s Ditto 268

349. Coronet of Thomas Fitzalan, Earl

of Arundil 268

350. Coronet of Earl and Countess of

Arundel 269

351. Viscount’s Coronet 269

352. Baron’s Ditto 269

353. Ducal Ditto 270

354. Example of Crown from St. Albans 271

355. Mural Crown 272

356. Naval Ditto 272

357. Crown Vallary 272

358. Eastern Crown 272

359. Crest and Cap of Maintenance of

Lord Dynham, K.G 273

’ 360. Mitre of Archbishop Cranley 274

361. Ditto Bishop Goodryke 274

362. Ditto Archbishop Harnsett 275

363. Ditto ditto (modern) 275

364. Ditto Bishop of Durham 276

365. Ditto ditto (modern) 276

366. Imperial Crown of Austria 277

367. Crown of Herald Kings-of- Arms ... 277

Page

368. Royal Arms 278

369. Shield of Henry of Lancaster 280

370. Ditto Henry Plantagenet of Bo-

lingbroke 281

371. Shield of Henry V., as Prince of

Wales 282

372. Shield of Arms of the late Prince

Consort 284

373. Shield of Arms of the Prince of

Wales 286

374. Diagram of the Shield of the Prin-

cess of Wales 287

375. Shield of the Prince of Wales im-

paling Denmark 288

376. Label of the Prince of Wales 290

377. Ditto the Princess Royal 290

378. Ditto Prince Alfred 290

379. Ditto the Princess Alice 290

380. Ditto Prince Arthur 290

381. Ditto the Princess Helena 290

382. Ditto Prince Leopold 290

382A. Ditto the Princess Louisa 290

383. Ditto the Duke of Cambridge... 290

383A. Ditto the Princess Beatrice 290

384. Arms of Arthur Wellesley, Duke of

Wellington 292

385. Augmented Shield of Howard 293

386. Ditto Pelham 294

387. Shield of Harpur Crewe, Bart. 294

388. Ditto Astley Baron Hastings ... 295

389. Ditto Molesworth 295

390. Arms of Spencer Churchill, Duke

of Marlborough 296

391. Crested Helm from Cobham Church,

Kent 297

392. Crest of Sir Thomas de St. Quintin 299

393. Cre-st-Wreath 299

394. Crest of Tyndall 300

395. Ditto ditto 300

396. Ditto Newcombe 301

397. Ditto Cape 301

398. Seal of Edmund de Arundel 302

399. Tudor Rose from the Coffin of

Queen Elizabeth 303

400. White Hart, Badge of Richard II. 304

401. Badge of Richard II 306

402. Ditto Prince Edward 307

403. Ditto Prince Arthur 307

b—'i

XX

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,

Page

404. Heraldic Rose from Pulham, Nor-

folk 309

405. Badge of De Bohun, from West-

minster Abbey 310

406. Collar of Ram 311

407. Head of Ram from St. Albans ... 31 1

408. Rebus of Bishop Oldham 312

409. Badge of Abbot John de Wheat-

hampstede 312

410. Stafford Knot 313

41 1. Bourchier ditto 313

412. Heneage ditto 313

413. Wake and Ormond ditto 313

414. Lacy ditto 313

415. Bowen ditto 313

416. Dacre ditto 314

417. Harrington ditto 314

418. Hungerford ditto 314

419. Supporter of the Neville Shield ... 315

420. Seal of John Earl of Arundel 317

421. Shield and Supporters of Abbot

Ramryge 319

422. Example of Helmet 325

423. Ditto 325

424. Helmet of William de Staunton ... 325

425. Tilting Helmet of the time of Ed-

ward III 326

426. Helm of the Black Prince 326

427. Basinet and Camail of the Black

Prince 327

428. Helm, Crest, &c., of Sir E. de

Thorpe 328

429 Helm of the Sovereign 329

430. Ditto Princes and Nobles 329

431. Ditto Baronet 330

432. Ditto Esquire 330

433. Example of Helmet from Cobham

Church 331

434. Ditto 331

435. Example of Crested Helmet 331

436. Arms of the Earl Marshal 342

437. Crest of the Hydes 349

438. Arms of the Heralds’ College 353

439. Modern Hatchment 354

440. First Union Jack 355

441. Second ditto 355

Page

442. Sail of Arms of Earl Warwick 357

443. Standard of Henry Plantagenet of

Bolingbroke 358

444. Ancient Vane at Etchingham 360

445. Arms of Munguldass Nuthoobhoy 365

446. Ditto Cowasjee Jehangier 366

447. Do. Cursetjee Furdoonjee Paruk 367

448. Symbol of the Holy Trinity 370

449. Shield. Helm, Crest, &c., of Porter 371

450. Shield of Edward III 372

451. Badge of the Order of the Garter 375

452. Collar of ditto 375

453. Garter and Motto of ditto 375

454. Star of ditto 377

455. Badge of the Order of the Thistle 3S0

456. Collar of ditto 380

457. Star of ditto 381

458. Badge of the Order of St. Patrick 382

459. Collar of ditto 382

460. Star of ditto 383

461. Badge of the Order of the Bath ... 385

462. Collar of ditto 385

463. Star of the Knights G.C.B 386

464. Ditto Kniglits K.C. B 387

465. Star of the Order of the Star of

India 390

466. Collar of ditto 390

467. Badge of ditto 390

468. Seal of Beatrice of Portugal 392

469. Early Seal of De Neville 394

470. Ditto ditto 394

471. Ditto St. John 395

472. Ditto ditto 395

473. Seal of the Dauphin Louis 396

474. Ditto Thurstan 396

475. Ditto Mauger le Vavassour 397

476. Secretum of Henry Plantagenet ... 398

477. Seal of John Lord Bardolph 398

478. Ditto William de Bohun 399

479. Ditto Humphrey de Bohun 399

480. Ditto Thomas Plantagenet, K.G. 399

481. Ditto Thomas Holland, K.G. ... 400

482. Ditto Rdchard Earl of Arundel... 401

483. Remains of Seal of Edmund Mor-

timer 403

BOUTELL’S HERALDRY.

Bv AVELING.

INTRODUCTION.

ROM the earliest history of the world, Symbols,
Emblems, and Devices have been used. When the
world had not the use of letters, these were neces-
sarily employed to convey ideas and express the meaning of
things. In early times ships had devices painted on the fore-deck:
we read that St. Paul went in a vessel whose badge was Castor
and Pollux, and previously that the Tribes of Israel had their
respective ensigns.

It has been argued in favour of the antiquity of Heraldry, that
the Romans used the eagle as an armorial ensign, and the Egyp-

2

HERALDRY.

tians used the ox, &c., &c. There are also, doubtless, numerous
instances of the antiquity of devices used on battle shields; but
all this does not prove that Heraldry existed in those days. The
hieroglyphics of the ancients represented certain facts, and the
emblems some moral lesson ; but there is no connection between
these and the present science of Heraldry.

Many writers speak of the great antiquity of Heraldry ; but it
certainly assumed no definite or tangible shape until the end of
the twelfth century, and it was left to the following centuries to
develop the charming and engrossing art to perfection. It is
possible the same necessity which produced the symbols and
devices used in the early ages of the world’s history, also called
forth those of the middle ages. By bearing arms on a shield, and
adorning the crest of the helmet with some device, the warrior in
the middle ages collected his forces in the field, and exhibited to
his enemy evidences of his valour.

The heraldic devices that were adopted in the thirteenth
century, Avhen Heraldry was a recognized science, were endless
in variety, “ from the highest of things celestial to the lowest of
things terrestrial;” they partook of the ideal character of all
symbols, but at the same time they were simple and expressive.
Sometimes the device represented some heroic deed — as, for
instance, in the arms of Sir William D’Aunay, hereafter spoken
of. To represent some heroic deed of a man upon his shield
would necessarily find favour with him whose valour was thus
recorded, and the King who granted the right to use such memo-

INTRODUCTION.

3

rials would see the advantage of encouraging the respect and
-estimation in which such representation was held; and there is
little doubt that the Iron Cross” of our own day is not more
valued than was the heraldic record of some glorious action placed
on the shield of the mediaeval warrior.

In the middle ages armorial devices formed a language which
the most ignorant could understand : the learned and the unlearned
could alike read the symbolic picture. In a thousand ways these
pictures were presented to the eye, and the system was interwoven
with the character and teaching of the people.

Nearly every mansion was decorated with armorial insignia: the
ancestry of the family was shown by the shields in the upper parts
of the windows :

From my own windows torn my household coat,

Raz’d out my impress, leaving me no sign —

, Save men’s opinions, and my living blood —

To show the world I am a gentleman.

Shakspeare. Richard II., Act II., Sc. i.

Every servant carried his master’s badge on his arm. The sign-
boards of inns and hostelries bore the crests or badges of noble
families, such as the “ Bear and Ragged Staff,” the Eagle and
Child,” the “ Rose and Portcullis,” the Chequers,” j&c. Those
of the mediaeval inns that were under the influence of the adjacent
abbey, or were the resting-places for the pilgrims, adopted the
symbols of the saints, such as the cross keys of St. Peter.

Many of these signs have remained to our day, especially the

1 — 2

4

HERALDRY.

arms of the Dukes of Medici — the three balls to be seen over
every pawnbroker’s shop.

The Church wisely favoured armorial bearings. Knights carried
their banners to be blessed by the priests before going to the Holy
Land, and on their return, these trophies, covered with honourable
decorative charges, were suspended in the churches, and being
perishable, the distinctions were more permanently displayed in
the glass of the windows, the frescoes of the walls, the encaustic
tiles of the floor, or in the carved stone of the building.

But arms and ensigns must not be confused. “Arms were
originally badges and symbols of dignity, and no man can arrogate
a dignity to himself.” Herbert Spencer, in one of his essays
published in the “Westminster Review” in 1854, says: “Coats of
arms which served to distinguish men in battle, now figure on the
carriage panels of retired tradesmen. Once a badge of high
military rank, the shoulder-knot has become, on the modern
footman, a mark of servitude. The name Banneret, which once
marked a partially-created Baron — a Baron who had passed his
military ‘little go’ — is now, under the modification of Baronet,
applicable to any one favoured by wealth, or interest, or party
feeling. Knighthood has so far ceased to be an honour, that men
now honour themselves by declining it.”

Mr. S. Gough Nichols says : “ In the early days of Heraldry,
if a man adopted the arms belonging to another family, he was
proceeded against by the rightful owner as a man would be now
were he to steal the property of another;* and he quotes the great

INTRODUCTION.

5

case of Sir Richard Scrope and Sir Robert Grosvenor, in
August, 1385, respecting the right to the arms “azure, a bend or,’^
to show how jealous men were, in those days, of their coat
armour. Now we see the arms of some extinct noble family
painted on the carriage of some wealthy owner of a similar name.
Great assistance may be derived from Heraldry by those engaged
in archaeological pursuits; it is the “ Handmaid of History,” and
by its help families may be traced from root to branch, and much
that is obscure in alliance, dates, &c., may be made clear. Whe-
ther Heraldry may be ranked as an art or a science is of little
importance. David Lloyd says ; “ It is not a bare ornament of
discourse, or naked diversion of leisure time, but a most weighty
piece of knowledge.”

CHAPTER I.

THE SHIELD.

HE Shield or Escutcheon of the noble in the middle ages

bore emblazoned upon it certain devices which served to

identify him in the field, and he bore these charges or devices as
the soldier of the present day bears his medals or other honourable
distinctions. The earliest of these heraldic embellishments of
shields may be said to have been in the reign of Richard I.

Shields in Heraldry are also called Escutcheons, or Scutcheons,
derived from the word scutum^ a hide. These were generally made
of wood, covered with the hide of some animal killed in the chase,
or with thin metal.

The shape of the shield has varied in different ages from the
purest and simplest form to the most elaborate and fantastic.

The Norman shields were long and tapering; to these succeeded
short, almost triangular-shaped shields, having the contour of an
inverted arch, slightly stilted. The equilateral form became pre-
valent early in the fourteenth century, at which period several
modifications of the prevailing form were introduced.

In the next century the shields were shortened, and as it advanced
their form was altogether changed, and became square, the outlines

THE SHIELD.

7

being produced by a series of concaves. In these shields a curved
notch is cut out, for the lance to pass through, in the dexter chief;
when thus pierced the shield was said to be a hoiiche.

The heraldic shield is sometimes represented slightly convex,
and sometimes as having a ridge dividing it in pale.

The illustration No. 2 is taken from the Percy monument at
Beverley, a.d. 1350, and No. 3 from the monument of John of
Eltham, in Westmihster Abbey, a.d. 1336.

The use of the shield for its original defensive purpose has long
since passed away, but the practice of placing heraldic insigina
upon shields has been retained. ■ • ' ' ^

8

HERALDRY.

The Points of a shield are certain parts named according to their
positions; for instance: The ‘‘ Fesse Point” is that which is the
exact centre of the shield. There are different degrees of rank in
the various positions — the Dexter or right side of a shield is more
honourable than the Sinister or left, and the Chief or upper part
more honourable than the Base or lower part.

The shield bears its ornamentation on its external surface, the
dexter or right side and sinister or left side of the shield are those
which cover the right or left side of a warrior when holding the
shield in front of him ; therefore the side of the shield which is
opposite to the left hand of the person looking at it is the dexter
side (a, No. 9), and that opposite the right hand is the sinister
side (b, No. 9). The top of the shield (c, No. 9) is the chiefs and
the bottom (d, No. 9) the base.

The field of the shield or escutcheon is divided into xivdQ points,
the technical names of which are :

E. Dexter Chief.

F. Sinister Chief.

G. Middle Chief

H. Dexter Base.

r. Sinister Base.

K. Middle Base.

L. Honour Point.

M. Fesse Point.

D

No. 9.

The ninth, or Nombril Point, is situated immediately below the
fesse point.

THE SHIELD.

9

The knowledge of these positions should be well observed and
kept distinctly in mind.

The escutcheons of unmarried gentlewomen and widows, and

No. lo.— Achievement of Arms of Humphrey Stafford, a.d. 1460.

From his Gar ter- Place at Windsor.

noble ladies who have married commoners, are always lozenge or
diamond-shaped. This custom was not general until the end of
the fifteenth century, although instances are known about the year

1300.

lo

HERALDRY.

The shield was often represented as suspended from the guige,.
or shield-belt, and sometimes the long gtiige appeared on either side
of the shield, and was passed over a corbel. Some beautiful
examples of these may be seen in Westminster Abbey.

The shield occasionally is represented coiiche, that is, pendent
from the corner, an arrangement supposed to have had' its origin
in the custom of competitors who are said to have hung up their
shields previous to a tournament (No. lo).

Merchants' marks appear represented on shields in monumental
brasses and in old wood carvings, notwithstanding the prohibition
by the heralds of the sixteenth century ; and the heraldic insignia
of cities, towns, and corporations are and have been generally
represented on shields.

No. II. — Example of Shield, from the Abbey Church of St. Alban.

CHAPTER II.

THE TINCTURES.

Next to the shield are the Tinctures that cover it. Tinc-
tures are divided into Metals^ Colours^ and Fm's.

Ancient heralds sometimes blazoned by the names of planets and
by precious stones : besides these there were other fanciful ways of
blazoning. Sir J. Ferne gives at least twelve of these. The days
of the week^ the principal parts of the body, &c., &c., supplied the
names for ■ the heraldic blazon. In the present day we have;
fortunately, one uniform set of terms which all heralds acknowledge
and make use of.

There are two Metals employed in Heraldry, viz. — Gold and
Silver. The former is represented in engraving by dots or pricks
(No. 12), and the latter by a plain surface (No. 13).

One Silvestre Petra Sancta, an Italian writer, whose works on
Heraldry contain much valuable matter, is said to have been the
first to have proposed the ingenious method of representing the
heraldic tinctures by lines and dots. The use of these lines and
dots came into use about the time of the accession of the Stuarts
to the English crown.

12

HERALDRY.

Gold and silver are blazoned Or and Argent^ the latter generally
abbreviated to arg, or ar.

, No. 12. No. 13.

There are five heraldic Colours : to these some armorists add
two more.

Azure s\gmnts blue, and is marked by horizontal lines (No. 14).

Gules, which signifies red, is represented by perpendicular lines,
drawn from the chief to the base of the shield (No. 15).

Sable, which expresses black, by lines horizontal and perpendicu-
lar, crossing each other (No. 16).

Vert, indicating green, by diagonal lines drawn from the dexter
chief to the sinister base of the shield (No. 17).

Purpure, representing purple, by diagonal lines drawn contrary to
those of vert (No. 18).

The two other colours alluded to are tenne or tawney, the orange
colour, which is indicated by diagonal lines as vert crossed by
horizontal lines; and sangume or murrey, a dark red or blood-colour,
expressed by diagonal lines like purpure, crossed by horizontal
lines.

THE TINCTURES

13

No. 14. No.

15. No

16. No. 17.

No. 18.

Titles.

Abbreviations.

I. Blue . . .

Azure .

. . Az. . .

. No. 14.

2. Red . . .

Gules

. . Gu. . .

• » 15-

3. Black . . .

Sable .

Sa. . ,

„ 16.

4. Green . . . .

Fert

. . Fe7-t . .

. „ 17.

5. Purple . .

Purpurc

. . Pulp. . .

. . .. 18.

6. Orange . .

Ten7ie.

7. Blood-Colour

SanguUie.

There are eiglit Furs used in Heraldry, viz. :

Ermine.

Ermines.

Erminois.

Pean.

Fair.

Counter-vair.

Potent.

Potent Counter-potent.

1. Ermine is a field argent with a small sable pattern formed of
spots and small triangles spread or powdered over it (No. 19).

2. Ermifies (sometimes called Contre-ermine) is a field sable with
the powdering argent) that is, the reverse of ermine (No. 20).

3. Erminois, a field or, powdered sable (No. 21).

4. Pean is a field sable, and powdered or-, that is, the reverse of

erminois.

5. Fair is of a7gent and azure alternately : it is represented by
little figures not unlike shields or little bells, ranged in rows, and

14

HERALDRY.

No. 23. No. 24. No. 25. No. 26

the alternate ones reversed. Its name is said to be derived from
a small beast having a white belly and blue-grey back, called varus
(Nos. 22 and 23). If a field be blazoned vair, the tinctures are
understood to be argent and azure , but if the field be of any other
tinctures, they must be specified. Thus, if it be or and gules, it
•would be blazoned vaire', or and gu. Some heralds are of opinion
that vair can only be of the tinctures ar. and az., and the varieties
of tinctures are mere phantasies of Leigh.

Leigh writes of ‘‘instances of vaire composed of ernime and
gules, and it was of great heauty and rarity and calls it gresly.

6. Counter-vair is when the arrangement of the little shields
or bells is varied so that those of the same tincture are placed base
agamst base and point against point No. 24).

7. Potent is when the field is covered with figures of potents, or

THE TINCTURES.

15

crutches. Potent is now an obsolete word. Chaucer makes use
of it in his description of old age :

So eld she was that she ne went
A-foote, but it were by potent.

Potent., like vair, is of the alternate tinctures of argent and azure
<No. 25).

. 8. Potent Counter-potent^ sometimes called varry cuppy^ differs
from potent in that the potents of the same tincture are placed
base to base and point to point (No. 26).

Ermynites is a fur mentioned by some heralds, and it is de-
picted as ermine with a red hair on each side of the black.

Furs were always much used for the doublings of robes and
mantles. Fur was probably a very common covering of shields,
and there is little doubt that this is the cause of the very frequent
occurrence of ermine and vair in coat armour.

To the foregoing may be added two points particularly to be
noticed : First, that metals take precedence of colours. Secondly,
that no metal can be placed upon metal, or colour upon colour.
An old writer says : “And because it wis the custom to embroider
gold and silver on silk, or silk on cloth of gold and silver, the
herald did therefore appoint that in imitation of the clothes so
embroidered, colour shall never be used upon colour, nor metal
upon metal.”

The shield argent is said to have anciently represented innocency
and humility, and the shield of a novice before going to war was
generally white. Or, or gold, is said to represent wealth and

HERALDRY.

i6

generosity ; azure, charity ; gules, courage ; sable, grief and pru-
dence ; vert, youth ; and so forth.

Figures borne upon a shield in their natural colours are described
as proper or ppr.

The tincture of a field was often changed upon great occasions.
Guillim mentions that the family of Ker of Cesfoord did bear
gules till their chief was killed at Gambspath, upon the Border,
fighting valiantly for his country; whereupon King James IV.
appointed that for the future the House of Cesfoord should carry
vert, in remembrance of the green field whereupon he was killed.

No. 27 — Early Ermine Spots.

CHAPTER III.

PARTITION LINES.

Shields are sometimes of one metal, colour, or fur, and
sometimes of more than one ; in the latter case the shield
is divided by a line or lines cutting through or across it in a par-
ticular direction. There are six methods of dividing a shield.

I. By a perpendicular line, termed Parted or Party per Fale
(No. 28)

No. 28. No. 29. No. 30. No. 31. No. 32, No. 33.

2. A horizontal line through the middle, termed Parted or Party
per Fesse (No. 29).

3. A perpendicular and a horizontal line crossing, termed Parted
or Party per Cross, or Quarterly (No. 30).

4. A diagonal dexter line, termed Parted or Party per Band
(No. 31).

5. A diagonal dexter and sinister, termed Parted or Party per
Saltire (No. 32).

o

i8

HERALDRY.

6. Two lines rising from the dexter base and sinister base, and
meeting at the fesse point, termed Parted or Party per Chevron
(No. 33).

No, 34, No. 35.

Many ancient writers say that the divisions of the shield had
their origin in the cuts made in battle ; hence probably the reason
why a partition per bend dexter has been always held honourable,
and per bend smisfer the reverse. It will be seen that a blow re-
ceived upon the shield from an adversary in a hand-to-hand fight
must of necessity be a dexter cut.

A shield is sometimes divided into more than four parts by
horizontal and perpendicular lines. If it be divided into eight
parts it is blazoned Quarterly of eight (No. 34).

A quartered shield having one or more of its quarters quartered,
this compound division is indicated by the term Quarterly quaiiered;
and the four primary quarters are distinguished as Grand Quarters;
thus in No. 35, A, B, C, D, are the grand quarters, of which the
first and the fourth, A and D, are quarterly quartered.

Dividing lines may be straight or ornamented ; the latter assume
the forms indicated below.

PARTITION LINES.

9

Engrailed.
Invected . .

Wavy or Undee. ...

No. 36.
No. 37.

No. 38.

Nebulee.

ISZSZSZSlTi

^SZSZSZS

No. 39.

Indented. -/WnA/WV^ No. 40.

Dancette...

Embattled.

No. 41.
No. 42.

Ragulee. .
Dovetail
Patentee . .

No. 43.

XZXZXZXZXZ^ No. 44.
?Jn d ^ ^ ^ No. 45-

Unless otherwise described, partition lines are straight

Guillim says wavy is supposed to represent the waves, and was
originally used in the arms of those who distinguished themselves
at sea.

Indented and da7icette are not unlike each other, but the latter
has deeper and broader indents. These lines were probably the
same originally.

The various lines are also employed to form Ordinaries. It must
be understood that these lines are not ordinaries, but of these ordi-
naries are composed. A chief may be e?igrailed, that is, the divi-
sional line of the chief may be engrailed instead of straight. A
cross may be raguly, &c., &c.

2 — 2

No. 46.— City of London.

CHAPTER IV.

HONOURABLE ORDINARIES AND THEIR DIMINUTIVES.

WHATEVER is placed on the field, whether it occupy the
v/hole or only a part, is by heralds termed a Charge.
Charges are divided into three classes, viz. — Honourable Ordi-
naries, Subordinaries, and Common Charges The two former
belong more particularly to the science of Heraldr}\

The Ordinaries are those charges most ordinarily in use : they
are of the simplest form and of the most ancient usage. The
Ordinaries differ from each other in value : those of the simpler
design are considered the more honourable.

Those termed Honourable Ordinaries are composed of right
lines ; but they also admit the various ornamental border lines,
such as engrailed^ invcctcd, &c. There are nine of these Honourable
Ordinaries, bearing the following names :

The Chief, the Pale, the Bend, the Bend sinister, the Fesse,
the Bar, the Cross, the Saltire, and the Chevron. Several of

HONOURABLE ORDINARIES.

21

No. 55. No. 56. No. 57. No, 58.

No. 59. No. 60. No. 6u No. 62.

WWWU

No. 63. No. 64. No. 65. No. 66.

22

HERALDRY.

them have Diminutives, which are grouped with them in the fol*
lowing descriptions.

1. The Chief (No. 47) has always been considered the most
honourable of the Ordinaries, not only because it is formed simply
of one divisional line, cutting it off as it were from the shield, but
because, being the head of the shield, it has the place of honour.
All other Ordinaries are composed of two or more lines.

The Chief occupies in depth one-third of the field, and (unless
one of the ornamental division lines be specified) is formed by one
horizontal straight line. It may be borne in combination with
most of the other Honourable Ordinaries.

The Chief has one diminutive called the Fillet, which is one-fourth
the size of the Chief.

When any charge is placed in the head or uppermost part of
the field, it is said to be in Chief.

A Chief may have another Chief placed upon the upper third part
of it, and it may have a Fillet placed in the lower fourth part of it.

2. The Pale (No. 48) consists of two parallel vertical lines,,
which enclose the middle third of the field. The Pale occurs less
in arms than the other Honourable Ordinaries. Mackenzie says
this heraldic bearing was derived from the pales of wood which
the mediaeval soldiers carried, and fixed in the earth to encamp
them. The Pale has two diminutives or moieties, viz., the Pallet
(No. 49), which contains one-half the Pale, and the Endorse (No.
50), which is half the Pallet, The Pallet may be borne in any
vertical position on the field. The Endorse is generally borne in

HONOURABLE ORDINARIES.

23

pairs, and often accompanies the Pale, one being placed on either
side of it. The Pale is then said to be endorsed. It is necessary
to divide the field very accurately, or the Pallet may be mistaken
for the Endorse. The same care will be necessary in the diminu-
tives of the other Ordinaries.

3. The Bend (No. 51) is formed by two diagonal lines, drawn
from the dexter chief to the sinister base. When charges are borne
upon the Bend, it contains one-third of the field ; but when it is
uncharged, it contains only the filth part. The Bend is said to repre-
sent a scarf or shoulder-belt. In some ancient examples the Bend
was slightly arched, but we have now a term for an arched bend.
The diminutives of the Bend are the Bendlet (No. 52), containing
one-half of the Bend, and the Cost or Coticei^o. 53), which is half
of the Bendlet. The Cotice is borne in pairs, and generally in
conjunction with the Bend. A Bend placed between two Cotices
is said to be cotised. Viscount Downe bears or^ on a be?id cotised
sa., three annulets of the field. The third diminutive of the Bend
is the Riband (No. 54). This diminutive is the same breadth as
the Cost, but its extremities do not touch the outside of the shield;
it is couped^ or cut off at the ends.

Two uncharged Bends may appear on one shield.

4. The Bend Sinister (No. 55) issues from the s mis ter imttdid.
of the dexter chief — that is, its position is reversed on the field. It
is not necessary to state in which direction a Bend is placed, unless
it be a Bend smister. A Bend is always understood to express a
Bend dexter.

24

HERALDRY.

There are two diminutives of this Ordinary, viz., the Scarp (No.
56), which is the half of the Bend, and the Baton (No. 57), which
is half of the Scarp, but is couped (cut off smooth) at its extremities,
so that it does not extend to the edges of the shield.

The Baton is generally used on a shield as a rebatement to denote
illegitimacy. The illegitimate sons or descendants of a King ox Prince
may blazon the Baton or or argent, but all others must blazon it with
a colour. This mark cannot be removed from coat armour, although
some heralds are of opinion that it can be removed after three
generations. Many of our nobility, who are descended from our
English Kings and Princes, bear the Royal arms with the Baton. If
the Baton could now be removed, the armorial bearings of these
noblemen would be made equal to those of our legitimate Princes.
Some writers treat the Baton rather as a common charge than as a
diminutive of an Honourable Ordinary

5. The Fesse (No. 58) is formed by two parallel lines drawn
horizontally across the centre of the field, and contains one-third
part of it. It is said to be an emblem of the military girdle worn
round the waist by mediaeval warriors.

The Fesse has no diminutive, although some writers have taken
the Bar, the Closet, and the Barndet to be diminutives of it.

6. The Bar (No. 59) is similar in form to the fesse, but occu-
pies only one-fifth of the field. It is never borne singly, and a
greater number than four cannot be borne on one field. It is also
unlike the fesse in that it can be borne in any part of the field.

The diminutives or moieties of the Bar are the Closet (No. 60),

HONOURABLE ORDINARIES.

25

which contains one-half of the Bar, and the Barrulet (No. 61),
which is one-half the Closet. When either of these diminutives
is placed on each side of a fesse or Bar, the Ordinary is said to
be cotised. Barrulets placed together in pairs are sometimes termed
Bars gemelles.

7. The Cross (No. 62) is formed by two perpendicular and
two horizontal lines crossing at the fesse point, or it may be
defined by the combination of a fesse with a pale. The varieties
of the Crosses used in Heraldry are very numerous : Guillim
mentions thirty-nine ; Leigh, forty-six ; and Degla Colombiere,
seventy-two. Some of these varieties are hereafter described, but
it should be remembered that when the blazon is simply a Cross,
the cross here illustrated is always intended.

That which gave so much importance to this Ordinary was the
expeditions to the Holy Land, when both warriors and pilgrims
took the Cross for their badge.

Upon his bx'east a bloodie Cross he bore,

The deare remembrance of his dying Lord,

For Whose sweet sake that glorious badge he bore.

And dead, as living, ever Him adored ;

Upon his shield the like was also scored.

For sovereign hope which in His help he had. — Spenser.

Varieties of the Cross are described in a separate chapter.

8. The Saltire (No. 63) may be termed a diagonal Cross,
formed by the Bend and the Bend sinister crossing each other at
right angles, in the same way that the pale and fesse form the

26

HERALDRY.

Cross previously described. The Saltire contains one-fifth of the
field, but one-thh'd when it is charged.

This Ordinary is sometimes called a St. Andrew’s Cross, from
the belief that upon such a cross St. Andrew suffered martyrdom.
It is supposed also to have been introduced into Heraldry as the
representation of an instrument for scaling walls.

The Saltire has no diminutive, although some writers speak of
the Saltorel as such. Two or more Saltires can be borne on a
shield, but the extremities are couped, and they assume the rank
of charges rather than Ordinaries. The Saltire may appear in the
same composition with the chief.

The family of Neville bear gules, a saltire a?gejit, the different
branches differencing it by various charges.

Upon his surcoat valiant Neville bore
A silver saltire upon martial red.

Drayton. Barons' War.

9. The Chevron (No. 64) may be said to represent two rafters of
the roof a house, or the lower half of a saltire ; it occupies one-third
or 07ie-fifth of the field, according to whether it be charged or not.
The Chevron and the chief may appear in the same composition,
so also may two Chevrons.

The Chevron has one diminutive — the Chevronel (No. 65) —
which contains one-half of a Chevron. The Couple-close is by
many heralds considered to be also a diminutive, and by others
to be a subordinate charge.

HONOURABLE ORDINARIES.

27

As in the case of the partition lines, so also in the Ordinaries —
unless otherwise described, the lines are straight. When any of
the uneven lines are used, the blazon is thus — first the tincture of
the field, next the Ordinary, then the description of lines, and
lastly the tincture of the Ordinary : “ Az., a cliief engrailed or.”

It will be remembered that there are ten partition lines and nine
Honourable Ordinaries; each Ordinary can be therefore varied ten
times, and from these simple designs nearly a hundred different
coats of arms can be obtained.

CHAPTER V.

SUBORDINARIES.

IN addition to the Honourable Ordinaries and their diminutives,
there are other devices subservient to them called Sub-
ordinaries. These are of ancient use, and although of less
importance than the Ordinaries, form a very important part of the
heraldic system.

The exact number of this group of devices is not agreed upon
by all heralds, some classifying with the Honourable Ordinaries
one or two considered by others to belong to the Subordinaries.
These are :

I.

The Canton.

9-

The Flanch.

2.

Gyi'on.

10.

Mascle.

3-

Inescntc/ieon.

II.

Rustre.

4.

Or/e.

12.

Label.

5-

Tressnre.

13-

Billet.

6.

Lozenge

14.

Bordiire.

7-

Fusil.

15-

Pile.

8.

Frette.

16.

Flasque.

I. The Canton (No. 67) is a square, somewhat less than a
quarter of the shield, but Avithout any exact specified size, situated
in the dexter chief of the shield, unless its position be otherwise

SUBORDINARIES.

29

blazoned. In early shields the Canton was of larger size, and it
is probable that it took the place of the quarter.

The Canton is said to represent the ancient banner of Knights
Bannerets.

No. 71. No. 72. No. 73. No. 74.

The Canton is the only Subordinary that can surmount the
bordure : it is generally borne over or upon all the charges of the
field, and in blazoning a shield it is specified last, thus: — Or ^ three
bars az. on a canton ar., a lion's head erased ppr., for Cox of Hard-
ingstone, and chequee or and az., a bordure gu. semee of lions of
England, a canton crm., for John de Dreux, Count of Brittany,
nephew of Edward I.

2. The Gyron (No. 68) is a triangular-shaped device formed by
a line drawn from the dexter chief and a horizontal line meeting
at the fesse point.

30

HERALDRY.

Gyrons are borne singly, by couples of six or eight, and some-
times of ten.

The Gyron is said to be of Spanisn origin, and is derived from
the Spanish word signifying a g07'e or gusset. This Subordinary is
of frequent occurrence in the arms of Scotch families.

3. The Inescutcheon, or Shield of Pretence (No. 69), is a
small shield borne within the shield upon the fesse point or centre,
and said to be prete?ided upon the shield. This is generally borne
by the husband of an heiress, who thus blazons his pretensions to
her lands, and by Sovereigns, as in the case of the last three
Kings of England. A Royal proclamation in 1801 ordered that
the arms of the United Kingdom should be : quarterly, first and
fourth, England j second, Scotland; third, Ireland; over whichyOn
a shield of p^'etencOy the arms of the King’s Dominion of Hanover.

If more than one be placed on a shield, they are generally
called EscutcheonSy and are borne as common charges and not as
ordinaries.

4. The Orle (No. 70) is composed of a double line at about a
fifth part from the edge of the shield. It has the appearance of a
narrow border of a shield charged upon the field of a larger shield,
and it may be called an inescutcheoti voided; bv early heralds it was
thus blazoned.

5. The Tressure (No. 71) may be regarded as a diminutive of
the orle, although some heralds contend that the Subordinaries
have no diminutives. The Tressure is almost invariably borne
double, as in the illustration, and generally ornamented with fleurs-

SUBORDINARIES.

31

de-lis, as in the arms of Scotland, where the alternate fleurs-de-lis
are reversed. This decoration is blazoned, fleiiry coiniter-Jleiiry.
hereafter illustrated and further described.

6. The Lozenge (No. 72) is a four-sided figure placed upon the
field, with two of the angles perpendicularly and two horizontally.

7. The Fusil (No. 73) is more elongated than the lozenge.

8. The Frette (No. 74) is composed of a Bendlet and Scarp
and a Mascle interlacing each other. Baron Audrey bears gti.^ a
frette or. An ancient writer, speaking of one of the ancestors of
Lord Audrey, says : “ He berith gowles and a frecte of golde.”
The family of Blake bear a7g.^ a frette gu.

No. 75. No. 76. No. 77. No. 78.

9. The Flanch (No. 75) is formed of a segment of a circle
placed on the side of the shield. It is always borne double or in
pairs, the one on the dexter and the other on the sinister side.

The origin of Flanches is said to have been from the dress worn
in the fourteenth century, and Guillim says they are a proper
reward for the services of a gentlewoman to her Sovereign.”

10. The Mascle (No. 76) is similar to the lozenge, but it is

32

HERALDRY

voided or perforated throughout (except a narrow border), so that
the field appears within or through it

Armourists are much divided in opinion as to the origin of this
device, but the majority of them seem to think that it is from the
mesh or mash of a net.

11. The Rustre (No. 77) differs from the mascle in that the
perforation of the device is circular and not throughout.

Boyer says this Subordinary is derived from tire nut which is
put on to the end of a screw, and it is certainly very like this.

The Rustre is sometimes improperly blazoned a masdc pierced
round.

12. The Label (No. 78) is a Closet or Barrulet placed on the
upper part of the field, and having three or more pendents or
ribands hanging therefrom. Of late years it has been the custom
to bear the ends of the Label couped. The Label is used for a
difference., to distinguish the armorial bearings*of an eldest son, and
will be treated of in a subsequent chapter.

13. The Billet (No. 79) is a right-angled figure a little longer
than broad, resembling a folded letter in form, and from this said
to have been derived.

14. The Bordure or Border (No. 80) surrounds the field, and
generally covers one-fifth of the shield.

Bordures were originally used for the distinguishing of one
branch of a family from another, and will be treated of further on
in this book as a difference. The Bordure has also been employed
to denote illegitimacy.

SUBORDINARIES.

33

15. The Pile (No. 81) consists of two lines issuing from the
middle chiefs and extending to, and meeting in a point at the middle
base. It is said to represent the stakes used in the construction
of ancient fortifications, and also the point of a javelin. The Pile
is often erroneously classed with the Honourable Ordinaries.

16. The Flasque (No. 82} resembles the flanch, except that
the circular line is a segment of a larger circle, and does not there-
fore reach so near to the centre of the shield.

Flasques are always borne in pairs in the same way that
flanches are. Gibbon says these two subordinaries are the same,
but Guillim and Leigh are of a different opinion. Voiders differ
from Flasques in the same degree as Flasques from flanches. These
are generally of one or other of the furs.

As in the partition lines and Honourable Ordinaries, so also in
the Subordinaries, all the various ornamental lines can be used
but when none is specified in the blazon, then it is understood that
the straight line is intended.

3

CHAPTER VI.

ROUNDELS.

Another distinct group of devices are the Roundels or
Roundlets — circular charges of frequent occurrence in
Heraldry. Each of these simple figures possesses a distinctive
title, which is sufficient in blazoning to denote its colour.

They are of two sorts — those of metal, which are represented as
flat discs or plates, and those of colour, which are drawn globular
or spherical. They are :

No. 83. The Bezant — or^ gold — named from the ancient gold
coin of Byzantium, and introduced into armoury in the time of the
Crusades.

No. 84. The Plate — argent^ silver — borne by the family of
Freemantle, of Swanborne, Co. Buckingham.

No. 83. No. 84. No. 85. No. 86. No. 87.

No. 88. No. 89. No. 90. No. 91. No. 92.

ROUNDELS.

35

No. 85. The Hurte — azu;'e — blue.

No. 86. The Torteau — gules — red.

Torteaux (called in the celebrated ^^Boke of St. Albans” “tor-
tillys or lytill cakys”) are borne in the arms of the Duke of
Buckingham and in those of R. Neville Grenville, M.P., of
Butleigh Court, Somersetshire (No. 93).

No. 87. The Pomme — vert — green. These in the plural are
termed pomeis. Lord Aveland bears ermhie^ three pomeis, each
charged with a cross.

No. 88. The G01.P — purpure — purple.

No. 89. The Pellet — sable — black; this roundel is termed by
some heralds the ogress.

No. 90. The Orange — tenne or tawny — orange.

No. 91. The Guze — sans^uine — blood-colour.

These last two are of rare occurrence, and by many heralds are
altogether ignored.

No. 92. The Fountain is altogether unlike all the other roundels
in that it is composed of two tinctures, argent and azure \ it is
represented by wavy lines drawn fesse-wise alternately argent and
azure.

The fountain in early Heraldry was represented as barry wavy
of six — that is, three lines of each tincture. These are sometimes
termed sykes.

Roundels may be of any of the furs or of any other tincture.
They may be borne as crests and in any number in arms : in the
latter case they are placed in rows, and the number in each row

3 — 2

36

HERALDRY,

No. 93. No. 94. No. 95.

is mentioned in the blazon. The Earl of Bradford bears sa.,
ten plates, f 0117’^ tJuxe, two, and O7ie{^o. 94). The family of Haynes,
of Whittlesey, Co. Cambs., bears or, on a fesse gu., tJu'ee bezafits, hi
chief a greyhound courant, sa., collaj'ed of the second. The shield of
Wellesley is charged with twenty roundels, and is blazoned ^^7/.,

No. 96. No. 97. No. 98.

a C7'oss arg. between five plates in saltire in each qu aider (No. 96).
The shields of Courtenay, Devereux, and Wake all bear torteaux,
and are thus blazoned: Courtenay, ^?r, thi'ce toideaux] Devereux,
aig., a fesse gu., and in chief thi'ce toiicaux; Wake (No. ()"]), or, two
bars gu., and in chief three toideaux.

ROUNDELS.

37

Roundels may be charged, that is another charge may be borne
upon them. The family of Boughey, of Aqualate, Co. Stafford,
bears four plates^ each charged with an arrow ^ in bend^ sa. (No. 98) /
and for a crest a plate charged with a pheon per pale^ ermine and sa.

Roundels of different tinctures are borne for differencing shields
of arms, that is, to distinguish various individuals or the several
branches of the same family, all of whom inherit the same arms.

Roundels, in early blazon, have their tinctures specified, and the
ancient custom is still adhered to in foreign Heraldry.

Some heralds class the annulet witli the roundels, and blazon it a
false roundel.

/

No. loo. No, loi.

Arms of the Crusader Kings of Jerusalem.

CHAPTER VII.

THE CROSS.

The Honourable Ordinary, the Cross, has already been
described in its simple form (No. 62, page 21). When the
blazon is a cross , it is always understood to mean this simple form,
which sometimes is termed the Cross of St. George of England.

There is so great a variety of Crosses used in Heraldry, that it
will only be possible to enumerate some of them. The great im-
portance of this ordinary in Heraldry is, doubtless, owing to the
Holy Wars and the pilgrimages to the Holy Land.

There are two classes of ornamental Crosses : those which have
their extremities reaching to the outer edge of the shield, and those
which are couped^ or have their ends terminating in some particular
pattern. The former are chiefly made up of the usual ornamental
lines, such as engrailed^ itidenUd, ^c.

No. 102 is a Cross flama?it.

THE CROSS.

39

40

HERALDRY.

No. 103 is a Cross raguly, borne by the family of Lawrence,
whose services in India are so well known.

No. 104 is a Cross engrailed.

Crosses are variously formed of the diminutives of the ordinaries,
as No. 105, tenned a Cross of six fillets^ or a Cross Ui-parted and
fretted^ and No. 106, a Cross double parted.

The Cross double parted and fretted is very similar to the fore-
going, but with the addition of the a?id fretted f or interlacings of
the fillets.

A Cross voided (No. 107) is not unlike the Cross double parted,
but the bars do not run through or across the shield. It is, in fact,
the Cross of St. George with the central area removed, so that only
a thin outline remains. A Cross voided belongs to the arms of the
ancient family of Crevecceur, of Folkestone, Co. Kent.

The Fimbriated Cross (No. 108) is a cross having a border of
another tincture, generally for the purpose of allowing it, if it be of
metal, to be placed upon a field of another metal ; the fimbriation,
or intervening border, being of a colour to prevent the violation of
the rule that metal cannot be placed upon metal, or colour upon
colour.” The Union Jack has a Cross fimbriated for this purpose.

The Cross Fiej'ced, ox Quarterly Pierced{fro. 109) is the St. George’s
Cross with the central part, where the arms intersect each other,
entirely removed.

Cf'oss Quarterly (No. no) is a Cross cut by a partition line, and
the tinctures reversed or counter-changed. This Cross is borne by
the family of Loraine, of Kirke-Harle, Co. Northumberland.

THE CROSS.

41

No. I [ 1 is a Patriarchal Cross ^ or a Cross crossed at the head.
This Cross is borne by Viscount De Vesci.

No. 1 12 is a Cross Nowed^ Degraded and Conjoined. Degraded
means placed upon degrees^ or steps.

No. 1 13 is a Cross Quadrate.

There are hundreds of other Crosses of this class, too numerous
to be illustrated in this book. Crosses are also formed of Fusils,
Lozenges, Bezants, Triangles, or>c.

No. 1 14 is four Fusils in Cross. It will be observed that the
charge upon the shield in this instance is not the Cross, but tlie
lozenges ; and although the representation would be similar, there
is a difference between a Cross of four fusils four fusils m Cross.

A Cf'oss Fusilly is composed of an indefinite number of fusils.

No. 1 15 is a Cross of four ermine spots.

No. 114. No. 115. No. 116. No. 117.

The Crosses having their extremities couped, or terminating with
various ornaments, are very numerous, and only a few illustrations
of these can be given.

No. 1 16 is the Cross Patee. The arms of the Barclays, of Pier-
ston, Co. Ayr, are az., a chevron betwem three crosses patee, or.

42

HERALDRY.

This Cross, like all others, is capable of great variation, as in No.

1 1 7, Cross Patee concaved, and No. 124, C7vss Patee Jitchee. The
Cross Patee is also called a Cross of eight points, and a Maltese
Cross.

No. it8 is a Cross Patonce, borne in the arms of the Duke of
Sutherland and Viscount Bangor. The family of Baynes, of
Harefield Place, Middlesex, bears sa., a shin-bone in fesse, sur-
mounted of another, in pale, arg. These two form a Cross, but are
blazoned in pale and in fesse, that it may appear that one is placed
upon the other.

No. 118. No. 119. No. 120.

A Cross Fleury, or Fleurie (No. 119), is borne in the arms of
Lord Brougham and Vaux. It is not very unlike the Cross
Patonce, but the extremities are less spreading.

The Cl OSS Moline has its extremities ending like the letter V ; it
is borne by Chatterton, of Castle Mahon, Co. Cork.

No. loi (page 38) is the Cross Pommce, sometimes called Pomel,
the armorial ensign of the Crusader Kings of Jerusalem, who bore
five golden crosses upon a silver shield — a solitary violation of the
heraldic law that metal cannot be placed upon metal.”

THE CROSS.

43

The Cross Potent is a later form of the Cross borne by the Cru-
sader Kings (No. loo, page 38). This takes its name from the fur
which it resembles, and which, it will be remembered, represents a
Potent or crutch.

No. 120 is the Cross Ur dee.

The Cross Recercel'ee (No. 12 1) is very similar to the Cross Mo-
line, but the extremities are curled backwards.

No. 121. No. 122. No. 123. No. 124,

No. 123 is the Cross Fleurettee, Fleur-de-lis or Flory^ and is a modi-
fication of the Cross Fleurie, and by some heralds it is regarded
as the same. Its extremities terminate with fleurs-de-lis. Baron
Crewe bears arg.y a cross floiy, az., charged with a lion passant^ or,
for Offley.

The Cross Crosslet is of very frequent occurrence in Heraldry.
It is borne by the family of Durrant, of Scotton, Co. Norfolk.
No. 122, erm., a cross crosslet, sa.

Crosses are sometimes borne e7itire, that is, they cover the whole
field, as in No. 124. Per pale, a cross patee e7itire, fitchee m the foot,
a7id cou7iter-cha7iged.

The word fitchee is applied to all Crosses that have an extremity

44

HERALDRY.

terminating in a point. This is supposed to have been introduced
into armorial bearings by the Crusaders and the early Christians,
who made crosses of wood, and pointed the lower end to stick into
the ground during their devotions.

The Cross Crosslet (No. 122) is, perhaps, of more frequent use
than any other variety of Cross.

The Cross Botonee^ or trefle (No. 125, page 46), is a modification
of the Cross Crosslet.

Any number of Crosses may be borne in a shield. When the
whole shield is covered with Crosses, it is said to be semee, or pow-
dered luith Crosses^ or, perhaps more correctly, crusilee^ or crusilly.

It will be clear that besides the Cross of St. George, all the other
Crosses may be voided, and that the Cross of St. George, formed
of any of the ornamental lines, may also be voided, such as a cross
wavy voided, &c. In like manner a fimbriated or edged Cross may
be a Cross Patee, or any other variety.

Fitchee, again, does not belong to any particular variety. Fitche'e,
or fitchy, it will be remembered, is pointed at the lower part, that is,
the whole lower arm is gradually tapered to a point ; but in a Cross
fitchee in the foot, the lower extremity is complete like the other
three, and the point is an addition to it, as in No. 124. A Cross
double fitchee is when there are two points instead of one.

The Cross Avellane is a Cross terminating in an ornament like a
nut. The Cross surmounting the Cathedral of St. Paul is a Cross
Avellane.

A Cross Lajnbeaux is a Cross placed on, or surmounting a label.

THE CROSS.

45

The Cross Fourchee, or Furche, is a Cross terminating like the
letter V.

The Gi'eek Cross has its four limbs of equal length.

The Latin Cross has its uppermost limb and its transverse limbs
of the same length, the fourth limb or shaft being longer than the
other three. This is sometimes blazoned a Cross passion.

The Cross Ca/vary is a Latin Cross on degrees, or steps.

The Cross Anchored. Most writers agree that this is only a modi-
fication of the Cross Moline.

The Cross Mih'ine has its ends terminating like a letter W in-
verted.

The Cross Fayonna?it is a St. George’s Cross, with rays issuing
from each angle of it.

A Cabled Cross is formed like a St. George’s Cross, but much nar-
rower, and is represented as being made of a twisted cord or cable.

A Cross cotiped is when the ends or limbs of the Cross are cut
off, and do not extend to the edges of the shield.

A Cross Pall is formed of the upper part of a saltire, and the
lower part of a pale, and has the appearance of a letter Y.

A Cross Tan, or Cross of St. Anthony, has no upper limb ; it is
formed like a letter T, with the extremities broadened like the ex-
tremities of the Cross Patee.

A Diagonal Cross, or Cross of St. Andrezo, is most generally
termed a Saltire (No. 174, page 60).

Crosslets were the favourite charges for marking early cadency,
as will be shown in a subsequent chapter.

46

HERALDRY.

The Cross has always been greatly esteemed in Heraldry. In
the middle ages it was customary to introduce the Cross in Mono-
grams, and also to add it to the signature as a pledge of truth
Persons unable to write — and these were very numerous — used the
Cross as a symbol and pledge of the truth of the document they
could not add their name to — a custom which in our day is not
quite obsolete, although used less religiously, and perhaps super-
stitiously, than formerly.

No. 125.— Fkagment of a Shield at Whatton, Northamptonshire.

No, 126.— Neville (Ancient).

CHAPTER VIII.

VARIED FIELDS.

There are various bearings or varied fields derived from
the preceding Honourable Ordinaries and Subordinaries.
Paly is formed by dividing the field into an even number of
Palesy the number to be specified.

Bendy is formed by dividing the field into an even number of
Bendsj the number to be specified.

Barry is formed by dividing the field into an even number of
Bars, the number to be specified.

When there are more than eight bars, the term Barrtdy or
Closetfy is generally used.

No. 128 is blazoned Paly of six, or and azure. It is customary
when alternate tinctures are used, that the first named should
occupy the first or dexter portion.

48

HERALDRY.

No. 129 is blazoned Bendy of ten, ar. and gtiles or other tinctures.
No. 127, Barry of six, borne by the Earl de Grey.

No. 127.— De Grey.

The Marquess of Bath (for Thynne) bears harry of ten, or and
sa. This shield would be represented as having five gold and five
black bars alternately.

No. 128.

No. 125

No. 130.

No. 131.

No. 132. No. 133. No. 134. No. 135.

Paly, Bendy and Barry all admit of an ordinary or charge being

49

VARIED FIELDS.

placed over them. The Earl of Annesley bears Ealy of six,
arg. and az,, over all a lend (No.' 136).

No. 135 illustrates formed of one of the ornamental lines.-

This shield is borne by the family of Blount or Blunt, and is
termed Barry-7iehulee of six, or and sa.

No. 130 is termed Barry Be7tdy, and is formed by lines drawn
horizontally, crossed by others drawn diagonally, or in other words,
it is a compound of Barry and Bendy.

No. 13 1 is termed Paly Be?idy, and is produced by lines drawn
vertically, by others drawn diagonally, or by a compound of Paly
and Beiidy.

A field Loze/igy is a field divided into lozenges of alternate tinc-
tures (No. 132).

A field Fiisilly (No. 133) is similar to Lozengy, but the figures are
more elongated.

Cheqiiee, Chequy or Cheeky (No. 134) is when the field is divided
by lines perpendicular and horizontal, crossing each other, the
squares formed by these lines being blazoned of two tinctures
arranged alternately. . •

In a bend or other ordinary Cheqiiee, the lines and squares may
run the same way as the bend, &c., and not necessarily horizontal
and perpendicular. The shield of the De Warrens, still quar-
tered by the Dukes of Norfolk, is cheqiiee or and az.

The large number of old inns throughout the country bearing
the sign of the “ Chequers,” is due to the once powerful family of
De Warren.

4

50

HERALDRY.

Fretty or Fj'dtce (No. 126) is a field covered with dexter and
sinister bars interlacing one another. It is of course derived from
the Frette. The arms of Lord Bellew are sa., fretty^ 07\ The
illustration represents the ancient Neville shield or^ frettee gu. on
a canton sa., an ancicjit ship, gold, in remembrance of Gilbert de
Neville, William the Conqueror’s Admiral.

Gyronny is a field divided into a number of parts of the shape
of a Gyron. This division generally comprises eight pieces, as in
No. 137. The Duke of Argyll gy7'onny of eight, or a7id sa.,
for Ca^ipbell. Sometimes gy7'oimy is of six, and it is then repre-
sented as in No. 138.

Be7idy Pily is an equal number of pile-shaped divisions arranged
in the direction of a bend.

Ba7'7y Pily (No. 139) is another variety, and is composed of piles
issuing from each side of the shield, and tapering and extending to
the opposite side.

Masculy or Loze7igy Masculy is a field of INIascles.

Ba7'7'y Bc7idy dexter a7id smister is similar to Barry Bendy, but
the lozenge-shaped pattern is divided by diagonal sinister lines,

VARIED FIELDS.

51

which reduce them to triangular pieces. Barry Indented is another
term for this ornamental field. It is also called by some heralds
Triangle C omit er-tri angle.

No. 140. No. 141. No. 142. No. 143.

Compony or Componee is a field of any charge divided into a row
of small squares (No. 140). The Duke of Beaufort bears a
bordure componee.^ arg. and az.

Countei -Componee (No. 14 1) has two rows of squares, with a metal
and colour alternating. More than two rows is termed Chequee or
Chequy. Counter-changed denotes a reciprocal exchange of metal
for colour, and colour for metal, either in the same composition or
the same charge (No. 142 and No. 223, p. 130).

Bordure Bendy ox Bendy Bordure (No. 143) is the same as Bendy
previously described, but the bends are only represented in those
parts that fall within or upon the bordure.

It must be observed, that in these varied fields all the parts lie
in the same plane or level, and that they differ in this respect from
fields which are charged or have devices set upon them. It follows
that in varied fields no shading whatever is introduced, nor is any
relief indicated.

4 — 2

No. 144. — Shiei.d of Robert de Vere, No. 145. — Shield of Foubert de Doure.

CHAPTER IX.

DIAPER.

Diaper is the surface decoration introduced by heralds
upon the shield or its charges, to add to their artistic
beauty. In the Heraldry of the middle ages Diapering was much
employed in stained glass, upon sculpture, and upon seals, and the
heralds of those days have transmitted to us abundant evidence of
their skill in its application. From among almost innumerable
fine examples of early heraldic Diaper, one or two are selected as
examples of this beautiful work.

Diaper is not a charge, nor has it any relation to Heraldry more
than that of an ornamental accessory, and great care must always be
taken in the introduction of any decorative design, to keep the
accessory in due subordination to the true heraldic charges, that
there may not be a danger of the Diaper taking a part in the
blazon. -

DIAPER.

53

Diaper may be executed in any tincture that is in keeping with
heraldic rule, but it does not affect in any degree the heraldic
tinctures of the composition.

When the surface of shield is of large unbroken extent, or
when there is but one charge upon it, it is peculiarly desirable to
Diaper the field. The shield of Robert De Vere, Earl of
Oxford, a.d. 1298, at Hatfield, Broadoak, Essex (No. 144), is an'
admirable example. It will be observed that the quarterly shield
is represented by two different designs of Diaper. This example
is in sculpture ; the Diaper, therefore, is in relief. Equally good
effect is obtained by colour, either by Diapering with a different'
tint of the same tincture as the field, or by employing gold and
silver Diapers upon fields of any of the colours. Upon the'
monument of Earl William De Valence in Westminster Abbey,
the beautiful shield of the Earl, which is about twenty inches in
height, is exquisitely diapered. This fine example of Diaper in'
Champleve enamel is as fresh and brilliant as it was many centuries
ago. Mr. Berrington, one of the vergers of Westminster Abbey,
has published a careful and excellent facsimile drawing of this shield.

It appears to be most desirable to revive the general adoption
of this beautiful system of ornamentation in all surfaces of any
extent. In sculptured Heraldry and in illuminations. Diapers may
be executed with excellent effect in slight relief.

The heraldic Diapers upon the monuments of Queen Eleanor
OF Castile, a.d. 1290, and of Edmond, surnamed Crouch-
back,” Earl of Lancaster, j\.d. 1296, may be specified as good

54

HERALDRY,

examples: also upon the effigies of King Henry III., a.d. 1272;
of King Richard II., and Anne of Bohemia, his Queen, a.d.
1394; all of them in Westminster Abbey; as also the shields upon
the Percy Shrine, about a.d. 1350, in Beverley Minster. The field
of the brass to Abbot Thomas de la Mere, about a.d. 1375, in
St. Alban’s Abbey Church, and the brass to Sir Hugh Hastings,
at Elsyng, in Norfolk, a.d. 1347, also furnish good examples.

A shield of De Warrenne, Diapered in gold and colour, at
Castle Acre Priory, Norfolk, is an interesting and early speci-
men of Diapering. A very curious instance is on a shield
of “Foubert de Doure” (Dover), about 1180. The arms are
chequy, a luce hau7‘iant, and the alternate squares are represented
diapered with fish-scales. The illustration (No. 145) is copied from
the Archseologia Cantiana.”

From the numerous beautiful Diapers on seals one example
will suffice (No. 146). This Diaper is formed of small swans and
feathers alternately placed in lozenges.

No. 146, —Diaper of the Seal of Thomas Planpagexet, K.G.,
Dure of Gloucester (enlarged).

No. 147.— City of Rochester.

CHAPTER X.

VARIETIES AND COMBINATIONS OF THE HONOURABLE AND
SUBORUINARIES AND THEIR DIMINUTIVES.

ESIDES the simple forms illustrated in the foregoing chapter,

the Honourable Ordinaries are capable of an enormous
variety of changes and combinations.

Saltire, as in Nos. 15 1 and 150. A Cantofi and a Fesse can be em-
ployed together. The arms of the Woodvilles are ar., a fesse and
canton gii, ; and those can be again borne in combination with the
Bordnre.

A Chief ejigi'ailed has the divisional line as in No. 148, and it
will be remembered that any of the Honourable Ordinaries may be
formed of this or of any of the other divisional lines.

The modifications and varieties of the Cross are so numerous
that a distinct chapter is assigned to them.

The Chief can be employed with the Be?id, and also with the

No. 148. No. 149. No. 150. No. 151.

No. 160. No. 161. No. 162. No. 163.

No. 164. No. 165. No. 166. No. 167.

VARIETIES AND COMBINATIONS.

57

Bends are borne arched or arcJiy 155); removed or fracted
(No. 154) ; cotised, that is, placed between two cotises, as No. 153,
or, a bend engrailed, vert, plain, cotised, sa., borne by Lord Bateman.
No. 184 is az., a bend arg., cotised potent counter-potent or. Lord
Blantyre bears or, a fesse cliequy, aig. and az., surmounted of a
be?id engrailed, and in chief a rose gu. (No. 152).

A Bend can be decorated otherwise than by the bearings with
which it is charged. No, 159 is a Bend ornamented with fleurs-
de-lis, and is blazoned fleuiy counter-fleury. Bends and other ordi-
naries can be composed of'any of the furs. No. 158 is « bend vair.

A Bend wavy is a bend formed of wavy lines, as No. 157.

Bends are sometimes charged with another Bend, that is, a second
Bend formed of a wavy or other line is placed upon the first bend.

Two Bends can be borne in the same shield, as No. 156. When-
there are more than two, they are termed Bendlets : these may be'
formed of straight lines, or of any of the
ornamental lines. The family of Anson,.
of Birch Hall, Co. Lancaster, bears
three bendlets engrailed gules, and in the
sinister canton a crescent of the second (No.
163). Sometimes special position's on the;
field are assigned to the ordinaries ; for in-,
stance, the Baron Byron bears arg., three'
bendlets enhanced gu. Enhanced ” signi-
fies that they. are raised above their usual position (No. 168).
Some heralds blazon these arms tlu'ee bendlets in chief, sinister:

No. 168.

58

HERALDRY.

Chevrons have many variations of position. No. i6o is a Chevron
abaisse; No. 162 is a Chevron couched ; No. 161 a ChroroJi reversed.
They may be borne in any part of the shield.

Chevrons, like other ordinaries, are sometimes borne couped, that
is, the ends are cut off, so that they do not reach to the sides of the
shield (No. 167). -

Two Chevrons can be borne on one coat, and in combination
with another ordinary. No. 166 represents a Fesse between two
Chevrons. <

Chev7'onels are generally borne in triplets, and they are some-
times borne distinct and sometimes con-
joined. The De Clares bore or^ three
chevro7iels, gules (No. 169). The family of
Brackenbury bear ar.^hree chev. interlaced
(or h^aced) in base, sa. (No. 165).

- Pallets are borne by many English fami-
lies. The family of Armstrong, Gallen
Priory, King’s County, bear arg., three
pallets az. (No. 164).

It must be observed that a silver shield bearing three blue Pallets
is very similar in appearance to one Paly of six alternately silver
and blue (No. 128) ; but there is in reality the greatest difference.
The one is simply a shield divided into stripes of alternate tinctures,
all represented in the same plane, whereas the other is a shield
of one tincture charged with bars of another, and represented as
raised or projecting from the shield. The same refers to three Bars,

VARIETIES AND COMBINATIONS.

59

which is altogether different from Barry of six, that is, six stripes
of alternate tinctures.

Bars, Pallets, &c., may be borne o?idk or wazy, or may be formed
of any of the divisional lines. Lord Willoughby de Eresby
bears or, three bars zuavy,gu. The Marquis of Westmeath bears
crm., two bars git.

No. 170. Nj. 17X. No. 172. No. 173.

Piles are borne in numerous ways. Nos. 170 and 172 repre-
sent three Piles meeting in the base, and three Piles in point. No. 172
could also be taken to represent one of the varied fields termed
Pily coiintet'-pily , that is, a field formed of Piles of alternate tinc-
tures. No. 173 is blazoned three piles, terminatmg in fesse. No. 171
three piles, one issuing betiveen tzvo others, transposed. ...

Piles are borne in bend, and sometimes issuing from the sinister
base and sometimes from the dexter chief. The points of the
Piles are occasionally decorated with fleurs-de-lis, oxfloryonthetops.

The Pressure \s generally borne double, and decorated with fleurs-
de-lis, the alternate ones reversed. This is blazoned a double fressure
flory or fieury countei'-fleury. The Tressure has always been held in
great esteem in Heraldry. . ........

6o

HERALDRY.

In early shields the Honourable Ordinaries are generally
narrower than they are represented in modern Heraldry, as
Nos. 174 and 175.

No. 174. — De Nevilt.e. No. 175 — De L.a,cy.

(Roll of Arms, temp. Edw. I.) (Counter Seal, a.d. 1235.)

Charges are frequently blazoned in chief, in bend, in cross, &c.,
that is, they are to be placed in the position of a chief or other
Honourable Ordinary, and great care must be taken that the two
monosyllables on and in do not get confused.

On a cross expresses that the cross is placed upon the field and
the charges upon the cross ; but in cross expresses that the charges
shall be placed upon the field (no ordinary intervening) in the
shape of a cross.

The same refers to 07i a fesse, and m fesse.

The ancient family of Percy bear five fusils m fesse, or (No.
176). Lord Bloomfield bears arg., thi'ee lozetigcs conjoined in
fesse, gu. (No. 177).

No. 178 represents five lozenges cotijoined in pale. When fusils
are borne vi bend, &c., and no number is specified, the blazon
would be a bend of fusils. The arms of Knight, of Bobbing, Co.
Kent, are vert, a bend of fusils (No. 179).

VARIETIES AND COMBINATIONS.

6i

No. 176. No. 177. No. 178. No. 179.

The Earl Amherst bears three lances, or tilting-spears, in fesse,
or, headed az. (No. i8o). It will be seen that these charges are
separately placed paletvays, or vertically ; but they are blazoned
in fesse, or horizontally, because, conjointly, they form a fesse. One
of these spears would be blazoned in pale.

No. 180. No. i8i. No. 182, No. 183.

Two swords are frequently borne in saltire (No. i8i). The
Barrows, of Ulverstone, ^Co. Lancaster, bear them, and they are
blazoned sa., two sivords in saltire, pomts upwards, a7'g., pommels
and hilts or. In blazoning two charges in saltire, the dexter one is
always represented uppermost.

No. 182 represents five bezants in cross. The Northcotes, of

62

HERALDRY.

Hayne, Co. Devon, bear arg.^ three crossleis in bend, sa. The family
of CoLYER bear per pale embattled, gu. and az., an arrow in bend,
or, barbed and flighted, arg., point upwards (No. 183.) Three keys
are borne by the Carmichaels fesseways (that is, each placed
horizontally) in pale.

Many other examples might be given of charges placed and
arranged after the form of the ordinaries.

CHAPTER XL

COATS OF ARMS. THE SURCOAT, THE TABARD, ETC.

HE SuRCOAT. — It has been suggested, witli some show of

reason, that the great heat of the sun upon the armour of
a knight introduced the use of the covering and protecting garment
called the Surcoat. This garment, which at first was probabl}^
white, afterwards bore the arms of the wearer ; the arms thus dis-
played were visible to every beholder without the aid of a banner
or standard. From this method of illustrating or depicting arms
arose the term “ Cote Armure ” or “ Coat of Arm.s.”

Woiche men yclept a cote-armure,
Embroidered M^onderly riclie,

And though thei weren not ilche ;

But I will not, so mote I thriue,

Be now abouten to descrive

All these armis that therein yweren,

For to me were impossible. — Chaucer.

The first or earliest surcoats were long flowing garments without
sleeves, reaching almost to the feet, and girt round the waist with
a belt.

One of the earliest examples of the surcoat is on the monu-

A vesture

64

HERALDRY.

menial effigy of Geoffrey de Magnaville, first Earl of Essex,
in the Temple Church, London. The shield of this noble bears
an escarl}u?ide,dind is the earliest known monumental representation
of a shield charged with armorial bearings. The monumental
effigy of William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke (who died in
1216), in the same church, represents him wearing a surcoat.

The monumental effigy of William Longespee, son of Henry
II. and Rosamond de Clifford (who died March 12th, 1226),
represents him habited in a blue surcoat charged with golden
lioncels, which are repeated on his shield, illustrated page 97,
No. 206.

The well-known monumental effigy of William de Valence,
Earl of Pembroke (who died in 1296), in Westminster Abbey,
represents ' the surcoat covered with a number of small shields ;
and the effigy of AYMER, his third son, who died in 1323, is a good
specimen of the surcoat, and it bears the arms and retains some
of the ancient colour which represented them Above the monu-
ment is a representation of this noble seated on horseback, wearing
a surcoat. The horse also is covered with a long flowing coat
blazoned wdth the arms of the rider.

These surcoats are sometimes found to have been semee, or
sprinkled with the charges borne singly or in threes on the shield.

The CvcLAS. — About the year 1325, or earlier, the surcoat began
to be superseded by a singular garment entitled a Cydas^ which,
while long and flowing behind, w^as cut off short in the front. The
brass to Sir John D’Aubernoun, the younger, a.d. 1327; the

Lancaster, a.d. 1347.

sculptured effigy of Sir
Oliver Ingham, in Ing-
ham Church, Norfolk, a.d.
1343 ; and that of Prince
John Plantagenet, of
Eltham, a.d. 1337, afford
admirable examples. In
some instances the lower
part of the front of the cy-
clas is' cut into an orna-
mental pattern, or termi-
nates in semicircles like the-
engrailed line No. 36, page
19.

The reduction in the
length of the front part of
the surcoat was probably
owing to the inconvenience
of a long garment when the
wearer was fighting on foot.
The surcoat and cyclas
were probably only worn
by warriors when engaged
in battle.

Examples of mounted
effigies of Princes, nobles,
5

66

HERALDRY.

and knights of the middle ages with the surcoat and cyclas are
very numerous. They are represented with carefully blazoned
shields and crested helms.

Bardings were the coverings of the knightly war-horses, and
were charged with heraldic insignia. A steed thus caparisoned
was said to be barded.

Examples of bardings are to be found on the seals of William
Longspee already spoken of in this chapter; of Henry de Laci,
Earl of Lincoln and Salisbury (died 1272); of Robert de
Vere, Earl of Oxford (died 1296); of Humphrey de Bohun,
Earl of Hereford (killed 1322) ; and of William Montacute,
Earl of Salisbury (died 1343).

In the latter example, the armorial bearings are not embroidered
on the bardings, but on banner-shaped hangings, and are suspended
on either side of the horse, one banner on each side of the body
of the horse, and one on each side of the neck.

The JupON succeeded the cyclas, and became the fashionable
knightly garment from about the year 1315 to about 1405. The
earliest examples of the jupon represent it as a rather short surcoat,
or a cyclas with the back part of the skirt cut to the same length
as the front. The later examples fit the figure closer, and are
shorter, and have no hanging skirt at all. The jupon was gene-
rally of rich materials, and in the latter years of its use was almost
invariably engrailed or jagged at the bottom.

Amongst many other fine examples of the early long jupon, or
short surcoat, are those represented on the effigy of John de

COATS OF ARMS.

67

No. 186. — JUPON FROM THE EfFIGY OF SiR P’dMUND UE ThORPE,
Ashwel-Thorpe Church, Norfolk.

Hastings, Earl of Pembroke, in the brass at Elsyng Churcli,
Norfolk, A.D. 1347, and on the effigy of Henry, First Duke of
I.ANCASTER, A.D. 1347 (No. 1 85), and again on the mounted effigy
of William Montacute, a.d. 1343, represented on his seal.

Hundreds of examples of the short or ordinary jupon remain;
amongst these may be mentioned that on the effigy of the Black

5—2

68

HERALDRY.

Prince at Canterbury, a.d. 1376. This jupon is emblazoned with
the arms of the Prince — France ancietit and England quarterly^ with
a label of three points. The beautiful belt which encircles the jupon
is ornamented with lions’ heads, and on the buckle a lion of
England.

Another example is upon the effigy of Sir Guy Brian in the
Abbey Church of Tewkesbury. This jupon bears the arms or,
three piles meeting 7tear in the base of the coat, azl’ Sir Guy died on
“Wednesday next after the feast of the Assumption of the Blessed
Virgin, 1390.” .

No. 186 is a late example, and is from the effigy of Sir Edmund
DE Thorpe, at Ashwel-Thorpe Church, Norfolk. This jupon bears
the quartered arms of Thorpe and Baynard — az. three crescents ar.
two and one, for Thorpe, sa. a fesse betwee7i two chev. or, for Baynard.

It will be observed that the three varieties of “coats of arms”
already described have no sleeves. They may be described as of the
shape of a sack, with holes for the arms and head to pass through.
Before the surcoat was shortened, it had an opening in front from
the waist-belt down to the bottom of the skirt ; but this does not
appear in the jupon.

The Tabard was introduced many years after the jupon had
ceased to be worn. The tabard was not unlike the jupon, but it
had sleeves. One of the earliest examples is represented on the
effigy of John Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel, in Arundel Church.
This John was born a.d. 1407, and died a.d. 1434. In this
instance the sleeves are very short and fit closely, and the quartered

COATS OF ATMS.

69

arms are emblazoned on the body and sleeves of the tabard. The
arms are a lion rampa?it or, enraged^ az.^ for Fitzalan, and sa., a
frette or^ for Maltravers.

The Fitzalan tabard is entirely a military tabard, and differs from
the heralds’ official habit, also from the tabard of the Tudor era,
which had wider and longer sleeves, and was not so close-fitting.

No. 187 represents the tabard of John Feld, with its armorial
blazonry — gu.^ a fcsse or, between thi'ee eagles displayed a?g., gutiees
dll sang. One eagle only is visible above the fesse on the sleeves.

As a mark of disgrace, tabards of paper with the arms reversed
were put on prisoners, and thus habited they were led through
the streets exposed to the jeers and mocking of the crowd. ‘

The tabard was worn till the commencement of the sixteenth

70

HERALDRY.

century, but since then only by the Officers of Arms, who wear them
emblazoned with the Sovereign’s arms on state occasions.

On the beautiful monument to Sir Thomas Broke, in Cobham
Church, Kent, the effigies of his ten sons are all represented
wearing tabards. The married sons’ tabards bear impaled arms,
and the sinister sides of the unmarried sons’ tabards are left blank,
probably with the intention of being afterwards filled.

The official habit of all the Heralds is a tabard^ or, as it some-
times termed, a placque.

The Mantle, a long flowing robe worn by knights in the
middle ages, and by Peers up to the present day. The mantle
now worn by Peers is of crimson velvet, and is called a robe of
estate; Peers have also Parliamentary robes or mantles, and these
are of scarlet. That of a Duke has four doublings of ermine ; that
of a Marquess, three and a half ; of an Earl, three ; of a Viscount,
tivo a?id a half; and of a Baron, tzuo. The mantle also constitutes an
important part of the official insignia of the knightly Orders, and is
described under each Order in the chapter on Orders of Knighthood.

In the middle ages ladies of rank wore similar mantles, and in
many instances they were decorated with heraldic charges, in which
case the mantle generally bore either the impaled arms of the lady
and her husband, or her husband’s arms only. Numerous examples
exist in monumental effigies; as in the brass at Enfield, a.d. 1446,
to Lady Tiptoft (No. 188) : in this instance, however, the mantle
is charged with the impaled arms of the fatlier and the mother of
the wearer, Edward, Baron Charlton of Powys, and Alianore

COATS OF ARMS.

7

Holland. In the Tudor era, ladies bore arms upon the dress, or
that garment immediately below the mantle. On the splendid
monument to the memory of Sir Thomas Broke and his lady,
the effigies of the four daughters are represented bearing arms
upon that part of the dress seen beneath the open front of the
mantle. The mantle on the effigy of Anne of Bohemia, first
wife of Richard II., a.d. 1394, is represented as embroidered or
diapered with badges. Whether ladies actually wore these coats
or mantles of arms, or whether they were simply the device of the
monumental sculptors, cannot be positively decided ; but it is
probable that they actually possessed the embroidered garments.
The numerous examples of ladies wearing other heraldic insignia
bears this out. The Yorkist collar is represented on many monu-
mental effigies, so also is the celebrated SS collar.

The CoNTOiSE, was a scarf worn, until the middle of the four-
teenth century, by knights upon the helm, and under the crest.
It is supposed to have been a “ lady’s favour ” or “ token.”
Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, a.d. 1322, on his seal, is repre-
sented with a contoise upon his helm and surmounted with a
dragon. A singularly characteristic example occurs in the monu-
ment of Aymer de Valence at Westminster.

The Mantling may, perhaps, be considered to have been
derived from the co?itoise^ worn by the knights of an earlier period.
Mantling, or Lambrequin, is a small mantle, generally of crimson
velvet or silk, and lined with ermine, with tassels : it is attached
to the basinet or helm, and hangs over the shoulders, of the v/earer.

72

HERALDRY.

The knightly mantling, being necessarily much exposed, was
constantly cut and torn in the melee; this is indicated by the jag-
ged and irregular form given to their mantlings by heralds.

In the achievement of arms of Humphrey Stafford, K.G.
Earl Stafford, a.d. 1460, on his Garter-plate at Windsor (No. 10,
p. 9) the mantling is represented ragged, and the inner side shows
the ermine spots. The mantling of John Daubygne, a.d. 1346,
is arranged after a peculiarly graceful manner. This example
illustrates the usage prevalent in both the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries of differencing mantlings with the same charges that
mark cadency in shields of arms. This mantling is semee of mullets.
The mantling of George Plantagenet, K.G., Duke of Clarence,
is semee of the white roses of the House of York. The mantling
of Henry Bourchier, K.G., Earl of Essex, who died in 1483, is
represented on his Garter-plate and brass at Little Easton, in Essex,
as hilletiee^ or^ and the lining is semee of small water-bougets sable.
As a general rule, the mantling is of the metal and colour of the
arms; or, if there be more than one metal and colour, of those
that are of the chief importance. Foreign heralds almost invariably
follow this rule, and in the case of an impaled or quartered coat,
they vary the mantling with the arms.

It will be seen that the coat of arms of the middle ages differs
very much from what is understood by a coat of arms of our day.
It would be difficult to describe the beauty of the art and work-
manship of the ancient coats. Decoration was carried to a degree
of splendour scarcely realized. The description given by some

COATS OF ARMS.

73

old writers of the gorgeous magnificence of the blazon of arms
when the English and French Kings met on the Field of the
Cloth of Gold in 1520, and the writings of some of the earlier
chroniclers, giv^e us some idea of the romantic elegance of chivalry,
and of the grandeur of mediaeval Heraldry.

Many early seals of Royal and noble ladies bear their effigies,
and they are represented with arms charged upon the mantle or
tunic : thus, Margaret, second Queen of Edward I. is represented
upon one of her seals having the f/iree liofis of England charged
iipon the tunic, and having on her right side a shield of France
a7icient, and on her left side a shield charged with a lion I'ampant.
In like manner the effigy of Isabella, Queen of Edward II. is
represented upon her seal between two shields. Again, the seal
of Margaret, wife of John De Neville, and afterwards of Sir J.
Giffard (about a.d. 1300), displays her effigy between two shields,
the one to the dexter bearing Giffard three Irnis passant in
pale, arg. and the other being charged with a lion rampant ; upon
the tunic of the effigy the three lions are repeated. Numbers of
examples might be added of ladies of rank wearing dresses of arms,
especially in the fourteenth and early part of the fifteenth century.
In the middle ages, the ladies of knights were occasionally associ-
ated with the Order of the Garter, and monumental effigies remain
representing the Garter upon the arm and wrist.

Ecclesiastics also wore vestments charged or decorated with
heraldic bearings. It does not appear very clear why these vest-
ments were so charged, and it is a question whether the arms were

74

HERALDRY.

those of the wearer, or of the donor of the vestments to the church.
In the South Kensington Museum there is a magnificent cope
embroidered with various shields of arms. From an inventory taken
at Boston in 1534, we learn that shields of arms were embroidered
on altar-cloths. Item. — An altar-cloth, the gift of John Robyn-

SON, w‘ his armes standing in the myddes thereof, w^ a fronted
thereunto belonginge, having the seide armes at every ende of the
seide fronted.” If, then, the arms of the donor were placed on the
cloth of the altar, it is probable they were on the vestments.

No. i83. — Mantle from the Effigy of Lady Tiptoft, a d. 1446,
At Enfield, Middlesex.

No. 189.— England. Crown and Shield of the time of Henry III.

CHAPTER XII.

CHARGES.

HE ordinaries and subordinaries not being of sufficient

I variety to give to every man a distinct coat of arms, nume-
rous Charges were introduced, and these comprised almost every
common object, and many imaginary and fabulous devices, from
the ‘‘highest of things celestial, to the lowest of things terrestrial :
animals of every description, birds, fishes, serpents, were charged
upon the shields of the mediaeval warriors ; and each took that
creature best fitted to his estate, or whose nature and quality did
in some measure quadrate with his own, or whereunto himself was
in some respect in quality like, or wished to be resembled unto.”

76

HERALDRY

All beasts, birds, or other creatures placed upon a shield are
entitled Charges.

The Lion ranks first among the animals employed in Heraldry,
and he is supposed to symbolize nobleness of nature, courage, and
generosity. The lion is borne on most Royal shields. The Sove-
reigns of England have borne lions as far back as we have authentic
record of their armorial bearings. The Royal shield of Scotland
bears the well-known tressured lion. The lion is said to represent
command and monarchical dominion. He is borne in various atti-
tudes, each having a particular signification, and of various colours
not natural to him. The variations of colour have been evidently
made for distinction, and the gold lion of England and the red lion
of Scotland were equally honourable.

It may not be out of place to call attention here to the numerous
inns throughout the country still bearing the signs of “ the red lion”
and “ the golden lion.” Probably not one out of twenty of the
owners know the origin of the loyal sign they bear.

The lion is borne in the following positions : rampanty rampant
guardanty rampant regiiardanty passa?ity passant gnardanty passant
reguardanty statanty statant guai'danty salie?ity combattanty sejanty sejant
guardanty sejaiit rampant y coiichant or dormant y cowai'dy &c. Two
lions may be addorsedy coimter-passanty &c ; a demi-lion may be
rampant y issuanty or naissant. Any one of the above varieties makes
the same lion a distinct bearing from any one other variety.

The teeth, claws, or talons of lions are termed their arms, and
when these are of a different tincture from the body, they are said

CHARGES.

77

to be armed of such a tincture. If this be not specified, the arming
is always gules ; so also is the tongue. The tongue is generally the
same tincture as the claws, and is blazoned langued of such a tinc-
ture. If the field should be gtdes^ and the lion be not blazoned
armed and lomgued, then, instead of gules, the claws and tongue
must be azure.

The Lioji rampant (No. 190) stanas erect on his two hind-legs,
with one of his fore-legs elevated; his tail is also represented
elevated. The early heralds considered that the natural and proper
attitude for the lion was rampant and preparing to make a. spring
towards his prey; they, therefore, blazoned him when in this at-
titude simply a “ lion,” and, when in any other attitude, described
such in the blazon. The red lion in the Royal arms of Scotland is
a lion rampant.

Rampant guardant (No. 191) differs from rampant only in having
the head of the lion apfronte, or with its face turned to the spec-
tator. The dexter supporter of the Royal arms of England is a
lion ra.mpajit guardant.

Ra77ipa7it reguarda7it (No. 192) represents the lion in the same
position as rampant, but with the head turned back, or co7itour7ie.
The supporters of the arms of Lord Carberry are two lio7ts re-
guar da7it or, ducally crowned, az., and those of Lord Braybrooke
are also two lio7is ra77ipant reguarda7it.

In blazoning supporters, the term reguardant would be sufficient
without the addition of ra77ipant, as rampant would be the natural
attitude of a lion supporting a shield. Some ancient heralds blazon
rampant reguardant as coimter-ra77ipa7it.

No. 194.

No. IQS.

CHARGES.

79

describes the attitude of a lion wlien walking, with three
paws placed on the ground, and the fourth (the dexter fore-paw)
raised. The tail is curled -over the back, and the head is always
represented on the dexter side of the shield, and placed in the
direction he is walking. The L’Estrange family bears this lion,
and Lord Massy bears twg., on a chevron^ between three lozenges ^ sa.,
a lion passant^ or.

Passant guardafit (No. 189, page 75) was by early heralds bla-
zoned a ^deopard^'" or a “ lion leopard P and this term also applied to
the preceding (^passant). The lions of England, until the end of
the fourteenth century, were generally, but not always, blazoned
as ’‘Uupardsp leopartsp or lybbardes.'"'

Upon his shoulders a scheld of stele.

With the lybbardes painted wele.

In the roll of arms of Henry III., the first entry is, Roy
d'' A?igleier re p07ie goides tj'ois lupards d’orl’

After the fifteenth century, the attitude of the lion of Heraldry,
whatever his attitude, received its true name. Stowe quotes the
record of “ three living leopards being sent as a present by the
Emperor of Germany to Henry III., in allusion to his Royal
coat of arms.”

The statute of Edward I., a.d. 1300, 28th Ed. I., caj). 20, ordains
that all pieces of gold and silver plate, when assayed, should be
signee de nne teste de leopard'' — marked with the King’s lion.

There has been much controversy about this term leopard, and

So

HERALDRY.

the subject has been fairly exhausted; and it has now been pretty
well decided that the term “ leopard ’’ did not actually mean the
animal of that name, but was a term applied to the lion when in
the particular position represented on the Royal shield of England.

In the time of Shakspeare that the bearings in the Royal arms
were regarded as lions is evident from his repeated allusion to the
lions in England's coat."

The lion, as it is now blazoned passajit guarda?if, differs from
the lion passa?it in that he looks out from the shield towards the
spectator, or is affronte.

The lion passant guardant, when of gold, is often blazoned as
the lio7i of England.

Fassajtt Reguar^dant is similar to passant and passant guardant;
but the head of the lion is turned back, as if he were looking
behind him or toward the sinister.

Slalatit is a term used to express a lion standing on his four
feet, both the fore and hind-legs being in a direct line. The head
of the lion is turned to the dexter, and he looks before him.

The crest of the Duke of Northumberland is on a chapeau.,
giL, htrned up, erni., a lio7t statajit, az., the tail extended (No. 196).

Statant guardant is similar to the preceding, except that the
head is affronte instead of turning to the dexter side of the shield.
The tail of the lion statant, whether guardant or otherwise, is
generally represented as drooping ; but, when extended, must be
blazoned exteiided or extended in a right line.

The crest of the Duke of Norfolk is 07i a chapeau, gu., turned

CHARGES.

8i

sip^ erm.^ a lion staiant guardant, his tail extended or^ gorged with a
dueal eoronet arg.

No. 197 represents the lion statant guardant^ with the tail
extended, the crest of the Howards.

Salient signifies in the act of leaping or making a spring. A lion
-salient is represented as erect, standing on the two hind-legs, with
the fore -paws and the tail elevated, and the head looking to the
dexter side of the shield.

Comhattant is the term for two rampant lions placed face to
face. Some heralds blazon this position Rampant eombattant ;
but the former term is scarcely necessary, as it would be the
necessary or natural position for lions eombattant or in combat.
Other heralds, again, blazon eombattant as Coimter-j'ainpa^d. Vis-
count Lorton bears gu.^ Hvo lions eombattant^ supporting a dexter
hand. When two coats of arms are impaled, each bearing a lion
rampant, it is customary by foreign heralds to place them face to
face on the impaled shield, or Counter-rampant.

Sejant (No. 194), sitting down or at rest. The four legs of the
lion are stretched out on the ground, the head is erect.

6

82

HERALDRY,

Sejant guardant is the same as the preceeding, but the face is
aff7'072te. Lord Lyons bears sa., 07i a chev7'07iy betwee7i tJu'ee lio7is
sejant guarda7it^ a7g., as 77ia?iy castles, t7'iple towered, of the field.

Seja77t 7'a77ipa7it (No. 193) is similar to seja7it, but the fore-legs
are elevated and the paws rest on the ground.

Couclia7it or Dor77ia7it is asleep or in the attitude of repose.
The head of the lion is represented as resting on the fore-paws^
which are extended and resting on the ground.

Cowa7'd (No. 198) is passa7it 7-egua7'da7it with the eyes downcast^
and his tail between his legs, and exhibiting other signs of fear.

No. 198.— Lion Coward. From the Seal of Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales.

Addo7'sed is the term for two lions rampant placed back to back
on the shield.

Co2i7ite7‘-passa7it, said of two lions, one turning to the dexter
and the other to the sinister, or passing each other in oppo-
site directions. Some old writers blazon two lions counter-
passant as tivo lio7icels, but two lio7is appears to be the more correct
blazon.

Tricorpo7‘ated is the term for three bodies of lions issuing from
three parts of a shield, all meeting and joining under one head
in the fesse point.

CHARGES.

83

Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, in the reign of
his brother Edward I., bore gules^ a tricorporated lion o?', langued
and armed, az.

Dismembered or Dechausse (No. 195), having the head, tail, and
paws cut off, and placed near the body. The outline of the animal
is not altered by this cutting. The Earl of Lauderdale and
Sir Gibson Maitland bear or, a lion rampant, dechausse, within
a double tressure fleury coimter-fleury, gu. These arms are the
Royal arms of Scotland, with the difference of the dismembered
lion, and were probably granted for the loyalty and services of the
Maitlands to the throne of Scotland.

Queue fourchee (No. 259, page 186), having a double tail.

Two or three lions may be borne upon one shield; thus, the
ICarl of Pembroke bears per pale, az. atid gu., three lions 7'ampant,
two and one, arg. The Catlings or Catlyns bear three lions.
England gu., three liofis passant guardafit in pale, or.

When more than three lions are borne on a shield, they are
termed Lioncels. In this case, the animals are almost invariably
rampant. When charged upon an ordinary, even two or three lions
are entitled lioncels — as in the chevron of the Cobhams. The
shield (No. 206, page 97) of William Longspee, Earl of Salis-
bury, who died a.d. 1226, bears six lioncels upon a field azure.
Another fine early example is the shield of the De Bohuns, Earls
of Hereford, which is thus blazoned : azure, a bend arg.', cotised,
between six Imicels or.

6 — 2

84

HERALDRY.

A great number of our nobility bear the lion either in their arms,
as a supporter to the shield, or as a crest.

The Royal crest of England is a crowned lion standing upon
the crown. The Royal crest of Scotland is also a lion.

No. 199.

The true heraldic lion is represented as full of life and anima-
tion, and with a fierceness almost grotesque. In the earliest

No. 200.— Conventional Forms of Lions.

examples the bodies are as thin as the tails. The beautiful com
ventional forms used by the cld sculptors and painters are verj

CHARGES.

85

striking. On some of the monumental brasses they are produced
entirely by contrast of metal and colour: Nos. 199 and 200 are
examples from early brasses.

In some early instances the body of the lion is most ingeniously
formed to fit the shape of the shield, and the tail twisted into some
ornamental curl to fill up the shield. .

No. 201.

Pugin says the lion Couchant is
Rampant
Passant
Guardant
Salient
Sejant
Reguardant

the emblem of sovereignty,

,, magnanimity,

,, resolution,

,, prudence,

„ valour,

,, counsel,

,, circumspection.

86

HERALDRY.

The lion may be blazoned vigilanf, or voratit — watching for his
prey, or devouring it ; or he may have wmgs, as in the instance of
the supporters of the Brave Barony — on either side rampa7it
guarda?it, or, wmged, vair.

When an ordinary is set over a lion, the animal is debruised by
such ordinary. The Earl Crauford bears a lion debruised of a
ribbon, in bend.

The lion is frequently crowned, or he grasps some object in his
mouth or paw. The family of Cape bear for a crest a lion pass,
gu., lioldmg a sivord ppr., hilt and pommel or (No. 397, page 301).

The lion is also borne collared, and sometimes with a chain
attached, or he may have his neck gorged (encircled ) with a coronet.

Various parts of a lion are borne as charges, and a portion of a
lion may be as honourable for a bearing as the whole animal.

A demi-lio7i rampajil is the upper half of the body of the animal
couped or cut off straight, immediately below the gambe or fore-leg,
and half the tail with the terminating tuft.

A Hods head is represented by the head and neck. When it is
blazoned couped, the neck terminates in a straight line when
blazoned erased, it is represented as ragged or torn off from the
body.

A liojls face is also borne as a charge (No. 202).

A lioil s gambe, ox jambe, is the entire leg of a lion. The Viscount
Downe bears for a crest a demi-Saracefi holding m the dexter hand
a rmg, gold, stoned, az., and in the sinister a Hods gambe, erased, or,
armed, gu.

CHARGES.

87

A lion's paw is the leg cut off below the middle joint.

The terms that are applied to lions are also applicable to all
beasts of prey.

No. 202,— Shield of Effigy of a Knight of the time of Edward II.

Animals of the chase have several terms peculiarly their own.
When they stand they are said to be at gaze; when in motion,
they are tripping; when in rapid motion, they are at speed ; and
when at rest, they are lodged. Their antlers, being ornamental, are
termed attires^ the branches being tynes.

All the fiercer animals are anned of their horns ; but a Stag is
attired of his antlers. The head of a stag, when placed affronte.,
is cahossed. A stag full-grown is generally blazoned a Hart ; the
female without horns, a Hind.

88

HERALDRY.

Almost every description of living thing has been assigned a
place in Heraldry. At the head of the animals is the lion ; at the
head of the birds, the eagle.

The Horse., the Elephant, the Camel, and the Dog are frequently
met with in arms. The white horse of Kent still distinguishes that
county as much as the Union Jack does England. The elephant
is employed as the dexter supporter of the amis of the Earl of
Powis and as one of the crests of Sir John Pakington.

Every variety of Dog is employed. The greyhound by the Duke
OF Newcastle; the sleuthhound by the Earl of Perth and
Melfort; the Talbot dog by the Earl of Shrewsbury.

The Antelope, the Tiger, the Leopard, the Bear, the Bull, and

are frequently used in the heraldic sculpture of this beautiful chan-

the Calf are of frequent occur-
rence. The heraldic hear of
Warwick and the hull of Ne-
ville are interwoven with our
national history.

No. 203. — Shield of Abbot Ramryge.

Rams are borne by the fa-
mily of Ramsey — az., a chev..
hetiveen three rams pass., or.
Rams support the shield of
arms of the Abbey of St. Alban
on the monumental chantry of
Abbot Ramryge (No. 421, p.
319). Rams and ram’s heads

CHARGES.

try. In his great delight in this allusion to his name, the Abbot
appears to have charged a ra7?i rampant upon his paternal shield
of arms (No. 203). It will be observed that the lion and the ram
are both in the same direction on the shield ; but the lion is bla-
zoned passant j and the ram coui'ant. -

Hedgehogs, are borne by the families of Herrer, De Heriz, or
Harris, and Speechly.

There are various terms applied in Heraldry to the position, &c..
of animals : an animal running, is said to be courant ; when rearing
up on the hind-legs, fresnee, Szc. Naissant is said of an animal
represented as issuing from a fesse or other ordinary. Animals
having two heads are blazoned double-tete; when encircled round
the neck or throat with a collar or crown, they are said to be
gorged. Animals having hoofs of a tincture different from the body
are said to be hoofed of such a tincture. When they are represented
of their natural colour, they are blazoned proper or ppr. When
beasts of prey are devouring their prey, they are blazoned preying;
when watching for it, vigilaitt; and when wounded so that the
blood is dripping, vulned.

The Goat, the Boar, the Fox, the Wolf, the Cat-a-Monntain, or
Wild Cat, the Ermme, the Beaver, the Otter, the SquBrel, and
many others hold important places.

Shakspeare frequently alludes to the wild boars, ihe supporters
of Richard HI., and to the bear of Warwick.

Parts of animals are very general in arms. The three boar’s
heads of the Gordons and the three elephant’s heads of the Mar-

90

HERALDRY.

QUis Camden are well-known bearings. A singular charge belong-
ing to this group is the leopard’s face, borne affronte, resting upon
a fleur-de-lis, and having the lower part of the flower issuing from
the animal’s mouth. The arms of the See of Hereford are^?/., three
leopard's heads reversed, jessant, as many fleurs-de-lis or.

No. 204.— Imperial Eagle, from the Tomb of William de Valence.

Birds of all kinds appear in Heraldry. These may be divided
into two classes : Of the first class are Fowls of Prey, such as the
Eagle, the Vulture, the Falcon, the Gufalcoji, the Saker, the Lanert,
the Tercel, the Sparrow Hawk, the Marlin, the Kite, the Buzzard,
and the Otvl

The Eagle, sometimes blazoned Er7ie, is one of the earliest
charges : it appears on the seal of Richard, Earl of Cornwall,
supporting his shield of arms from its beak, about a.d. 1260.

Amongst heraldic birds, the eagle holds the same rank that the
lion maintains amongst beasts ; and the early heralds evidently
^delighted to make their eagles thoroughly heraldic. An Imperial

CHARGES.

91

Eagle has generally two heads, and is generally represented
crowned. The eagle charged in relief upon the early shield in
the north aisle of Westminster Abbey has a single head and is not
crowned ; but at Great Yarmouth there is a similar eagle having
two heads. Upon one of the shields originally blazoned on
the monument of Earl William de Valence, a copy of which

is fortunately preserved in the British Museum (No. 204), is an
excellent example of the Imperial eagle having one head only.
Baron Methuen bears his shield on the breast of an Imperial
eagle. On the elaborate altar-tomb of Edmond Plantagenet,
K.G., Duke of York, a.d. 1402, is an example of the Imperial
eagle having two heads, but not crowned, beautifully sculptured in
alabaster, but somewhat exaggerated in the drawing, No. 205.
Another example is from the monumental chantry of Abbot Ram-

No. 205.— The Emperor, Monumental King’s Langley.

92

HERALDRY.

RYGE, at St. Albans; No. 226 (page 137). This shield shows real
artistic feeling, considering the lateness of the Gothic era in which
it was sculptured. No. 203 (page 88) is the shield of Abbot
Ramrydge, and bears three eagles.

Some writers describe the double-headed eagle of the preceding
conventional forms as the Imperial eagle, and the single-headed as
the Royal eagle.

The usual position of the eagle in arms is displayed. In the
instance of all birds of prey, the expanded wings are said to be
displayed, while those of all birds that are not birds of prey are
disclosed.

When more than three eagles are borne in a shield, they are
blazoned Eaglets.

Falcofis were early employed in Heraldry. The well-known seal
of John of Ghent is charged with his badges — two falcons hold-
ing fetter-locks in their beaks.

When falcons or hawks are represented with bells and straps on
their legs, they are blazoned helled and jessed. Falcons are repre-
sented generally with wings close.

The Hawk appears as a single supporter in a special grant of
arms of Charles I. The paternal shield is charged upon the
breast of the hawk. The Earl of Mountcashell bears for a
crest a goshawk^ seizmg a co7iey\ both ppr.

Of the second class of heraldic birds are the the Cygnet^

the Wild Goose, the Wild Duck, the Sheldrake, the Shoveller, the
Cormoi'ant, the Stork, the Hei‘on, the Stern, the Kingfisher, &c.

CHARGES. .

9:

The Swa/2, when blazoned proper^ is white, with red beak, and
has some black about the nostrils. The Calders, of Muirtoune,
have for a crest a swan swimmmgin a loch bordered with flags. The
celebrated badge of the De Bohuns was a swaji crowned or ducally
gorged and chained (No. 405, page 310); and many beautiful and
ingenious designs introducing the swan remain on the monuments
and seals of that great family. On the seal of Humphrey de
Bohun, a.d. 1322, the guige, or shield-belt, is carried by a swan.
A swan having a collar and chain is sometimes blazoned a Cygnet
Royal.

The Sheldrake and the Shoveller are borne by Jackson. The
Cormorant was borne as a" crest by the father of Cardinal Pole,
on a wreath, a cormorant trussmg a flsh, all proper. The Stork is
borne by Cave ; Cornish Choughs by Colebrooke. The head of
the family of Heron bears gu., three herons, tivo and one, arg.,
beaked and legged or. The supporters of the shield of the Earl of
Buchan are two Ostriches. The Dove is borne by Lord Chelms-
ford; the Raven by the family of Corbett; the Cock by Lord
Castlemaine, in allusion to the family name, Handcock.

The Pelican is used as a crest and also as a Christian symbol :
she is generally blazoned as a pelican in its piety, and is represented
standing above its nest, and nourishing its young with blood. The
Buxtons, of Shadwell Court, Co. Norfolk, bear for a crest a pelican
in her piety.

All small birds are generally drawn in the form of Blackbirds,
but their colour must be blazoned.

94

HERALDRY.

The Peacock, the Ga?ne Cock, and many other birds are borne in
Heraldry. The peacock, with tail spread, is said to be in pride.

Birds represented as about to take wing are blazoned 7'ising, or
roussant; when flying aloft, soaring, or volant ; when the wings of
a bird are close to its body, it is said to be close.

The Game Cock, represented with comb and gills of a different
tincture from the body, is said to be crested and wattled of such a
tincture. He is armed of his beak and spurs.

Beaked is applied to birds, not of prey, to denote the tincture of
their beaks. Memhered applies in the same manner to the beak and
legs of any bird.

In blazoning wings with the tips elevated, the term erect is em-
ployed. Winged is the term used when the wings differ in tincture
from the bird.

Parts of birds are borne with many variations of arrangement.
Two luings inverted and endorsed, arg., conjoined by a co?'d, with
tassels or, is borne as a crest by the Meux family. The two wings
of an eagle displayed, when conjoined and borne as a charge, are
sometimes blazoned as a vol, and de?ni-vol when a single wing is
borne.

The head of a swan in a charge is blazoned a S7c>ads neck.

Fish have been much employed in Heraldry, and every variety
are borne as charges. “ The Heraldry of Fish ” is sufficient of it-
self to form a volume, as the valuable work by Mr. Moule testifies ;
therefore but a mere mention of this important branch of the sub-
ject can be here given. It is supposed that fish were regarded with

CHARGES.

95

special favour as heraldic charges in the middle ages, from the
belief that they were the first living things created by God.’^

The Dolphin seems to have held the rank amongst fish that the
lion holds amongst beasts. No. 227 (page 138) is a good example
of the heraldic dolphin. The arms of the late Lady Frankland
Russell, and now borne in pretence by Ralph Neville Gren-
ville, M.P., are az., a dolphin naiant emhowed or, on a chief of
the second, tivo salth'cs gu.

It may be advisable to explain here that a fish swimming in fesse
across the field is blazoned naiant ; when it is in pale, as if rising to
the surface for air, it is haiiriant ; but when in pale, with its head in
base, it is nriant. When the body is bent or carved, it is blazoned
cm lowed. Most of the families of Franklin and Franklyn bear
a dolphin or dolphins in their arms. The family of Dolphin, of
Eyford Hall, Co. Gloucester, bear az., three dolphins naiant fesse-
ways in pale, or. The family of Dolphingley bear vert, three
dolphins naiant in pale, ar.

The Pike is frequently borne as a charge under the name of luce.
The famous Sir Thomas Lucy, of Charlecote, Warwickshire, who,
in the time of Queen Elizabeth, was so satirized by Shakspeare
as Justice Shallow, in retaliation for the prosecution by him of the
bard for stealing deer, bore gtc., three luces hauriant, arg. In the
first scene of the first act of the “ Merry Wives of Windsor,” there
is a discussion about the luces upon the coat of Shallow. No. 242
(page 169) is the Lucy seal, with three luces intertwined. The
Duke of Northumberland quarters the Lucy arms.

96

HERALDRY.

Amongst the other fish commonly borne in Heraldry are Barbels,
Her7'ings, Roach, &c.

The arms of Whaley Monastery, Lancashire, were^?/., three whales
hauriant, or, in the month of each a crozier of the last. It will be
seen that the whales have allusion to the name, and the crozier to
the monastery. The Whalleys of Norton Hall, Co. Somerset,
descended from Wyamarus Whalley, standard-bearer at the
Battle of Hastings, bear arg., three whale's heads hauriant, erased, sa.

Several branches of the Herring three herrings. The

Salmon is borne by some branches of the family of Salmon. In
1621 the arms, sa., three saltnojis hauriant, or, were granted to
Salmon of Wildheath, Co. Chester. The Roach, the Trout, the
Sturgeon, and the Eel are all to be found as charges.

When the fins of fishes are of a different tincture from their
bodies, they are blazoned finned of such a tincture.

When no particular variety of fish is specified, and the creature
is of small size, the blazon simply states the charge to be a “fish.”

Reptiles and Insects are also introduced into coat armour.
Nearly all reptiles are represented with their back to the spectator,
and with the head in chief.

A Sfiake may be borne nowed, that is, turned into a knot ; curl-
ing and erected on its tail, and gliding. The arms of Gonville and
Caius College, Cambridge, or, 07i a chev., between two couple-closes
indented, sa., three escallop shells or, for Gonville; impaling or,semee
of flowers, gentle, in the middle of the chief a sengreen resting upon the
heads of two serpents, in pale, their tails knit together, all proper colours.

CHARGES.

97

resting upon a squaix marble stone vert^ for Caius ; the 'whole within
a hordure gohony or a?id sa. No more extraordinary or lengthy
blazon could probably be found ; the knitting of the tails of the
serpents together, and decorating their heads with house-leek, is
very curious.

No. 206.— Shield of William Longspee, Earl of Salisbury.

7

CHAPTER XIII.

BLAZONING.

O blazon a coat is to describe the field and all that is borne

upon it in their proper and respective metals, colours, and
positions. It is to explain and display arms in accordance with the
rules of Heraldry. To group several coats into one heraldic com-
position is called Marshallings and in Blazoning and Marshalling
consists the skill of Armoury.

In blazoning arms, first describe the metal, tincture, or fur of the
field, that is, the groundwork of the shield. For instance, if the
field be red, “ he beareth gules,” &c. If the field be not of one metal
or colour, but is parted by a perpendiculai: line, then the blazon
would be, “he beareth per pale or and gules.” The ground of
the shield is called fields because the charges upon it originally
represented the great deeds done upon the field of battle. When
the field is divided by a partition line, such line is understood to be
straight unless described otherwise.

The shield is called charged when a device is laid upon it, and
such device is again entitled charged when another object is placed
upon it. Devices laid upon a shield are termed charges, but a single
charge is generally called a bearing.

BLAZONING.,

99

Heraldic language is most concise and explicit, and conveys to
the mind’s eye an exact representation of the arms. If a tincture
or a number should occur twice in the same sentence, such tincture
or number is to be indicated by reference to the words already used,
and not by actually repeating them. Thus, should a charge be of
the same tincture as the field, it is said to be “ of the field , ” or as
the tincture of the field is always the first that is specified in the
blazon, a charge of that tincture may be blazoned as “ of the fir si A .
So any charge is said to be of the seco7idf of the third f of the
lastf &c., if its tincture be the same as the second, the third, the
last, or any other that has been already specified. In no case must
there be a repetition of words.

Having blazoned the field — -that is, the groundwork of the shield
— then, if there be several charges, follows that which is next to, or
immediately upon the field. ‘‘ The blazon of a coat or quartering,”
says Mr. Gough Nichols, “should be commenced with a capital
letter, but no other capitals should be used, except when a proper
name occurs, such as Katherine-wheel ; ” and he urges that no
more points than are absolutely -necessary be introduced, and
seldom any stronger than a comma, unless in a long and compli-
cated coat. After the tincture of the field always place a comma.
The presence and the position of the stops or points demand espe-
cial care. Every abbreviation must be marked with a full stop —
thus, arg. for argent. Nothing is specified that can be understood
without description, and nothing is left in uncertainty.

After the description of the principal charge, then secondary

7—2

I GO

HERALDRY.

objects are described, and lastly, any charge placed upon another
charge. . . '

The tincture of any charge always follows the name of the
charge itself — thus, a lion rampant sable. There are many varieties
of attitude in which animals, as charges, may be emblazoned ; and
the great importance of attending to these should not be over-
looked, as there is as great a difference between a lion, rampant
and a lion passant, as between two distinct animals.

When several charges appear in one shield, the number in each
row is generally indicated — as, “ three, two, and one,” and these
must be given in writing, not in figures ; but when the numbers ex-
ceed six, they produce the appearance of a pattern, and the field
so covered is said to be semee with the charge in question, as in
No. 207, of the ancient shield of France from AVestminster Abbey.

Mr. Gough Nichols, in the “Herald and Genealogist,” calls

BLAZONING.

lOI

attention to numerous errors to be found in blazon; and he points
out, among other things, that we should write “three wolfs heads,”
not “ three wolves’ heads ; ” and “ three lion's jambs,” not “ three
lions’ jambs.”

When charges are represented of their natural colour, they are
blazoned '■froper^' or, more generally, “//r.” For instance,
jalcon's head erased., pprP

Blazon always expresses with consistent distinctness the attitude,
costume, action, &c., of every figure. Thus, a head would be in
profiky or affrontie, or rtguardant ; and the hand would be either
the dexter or the sinister, and erect, grasping, or appaiimce. The
same would be the case with an arm, which, when bent at the
elbow, is embowed^ &c.

Different terms are applied to different animals to express the
same position. For instance, to animals of the chase we apply
the term tripping, or trippa7it, that is, when in an easy motion ; to
the lion, passant. To the eagle, the falcon, and all birds of prey
having the wings expanded, the term displayed is appiled, but to
other birds, disclosed. A lion lying down is said to be couchant ;
an animal of the chase, lodged.

The Glossary which follows gives all these different terms in
the fullest and most explicit manner.

In blazoning a shield the last thing is to describe differences, or
marks of cadency — that is, the distinguishing marks of different
members or branches of a family. A separate chapter is given to
Cadency and Differencing.

102

HERALDRY.

The study of genealogy and the use of arms being so closely-
allied, as the use of armorial bearings increased, it became most
important to represent correctly in one shield the arms of the
several families with whom there had been intermarriage. The
quartered shield presented correctly at one view the hereditary
dignity of a family; and blazonry, which simply described a shield
and its bearings, called forth a new art to divide the shield into-
quarterings, and assign properly each part. The most careful laws
and practice became necessary to determine such combinations,,
and this art was called “ Marshalling.”

No. 208. — CoUDiHRE OR Elbow-Guard. St. Edmund’s Chapel, Westminster Abbey,.

CHAPTER XIV.

GLOSSARY.

ABACOT. — a cap of state.

Abaissc. — Said of an ordinary when placed below the centre
of the shield, as, gu.^ a chevron abaisse ar. (No. i6o, page 56).
Abased. — See Abaisse

Abatement. — A mark whereby the coat or shield is lowered or
degraded in its dignity. There are several ways of marking an
abatement. Guillim gives nine such marks, all of which are of
either one or the other of the two colours, “ tenne ” (tawney) and
sanguine.”

Abbot. — A title originally given to any aged monk, but since the
sixth century it has been applied to the head of any monastery or
abbey, whether lay or clerical. In England, mitred abbots sat and
voted in the House of Lords, and laymen, who were styled secular
abbotSy had to appoint regular abbots to perform the monastic
duties. Monasteries often chose for themselves a powerful noble
or Prince as lay abbot y for the sake of gaining his protection.

Abbot's staff. — The official staff of an abbot, having a crooked
head. A vexillumy or scarf, hangs from almost all representations
of the pastoral staff, encircling its shaft. In the case of an abbot
the crook is turned inwards, to symbolize the limitation of his
power, in contradistinction to the staff of a bishop, of which the
crook is represented turned outwards, to show his extended power.

104

HERALDRY.

Abeyance. — A term importing that a dignity is in expectation.
When there are several claimants or co-heirs, the dignity is in
suspense until one co-heir only remains.

A boiiche. — Said of a shield pierced on the dexter side for the
lance to pass through (No. 4, page 7).

Aboute. — See Conjoined.

Accessories. — The paraphernalia belonging to a shield. These are
the helm, cap, coronet, crest, ciown, wreath, mantle, supporters,
badge, scroll, motto, &c., &c. ' -

Accession. — The succession of an heir to a title or estate.

Accolee. — Collared. Collars of knighthood encircle impaled

shields in foreign Heraldry ; and, when there are two shields
accolees, a collar may encircle both.

Accolade. — The term applied to the ceremony of the admission

of a knight into any order.

Accosted. — Charges placed on
either side of another charge, or
side by side.

Accrued. — Full-grown; in full
vigour of leaf, branch, and fruit :
generally used to distinguished a
tree grown to maturity from a sap-
ling.

Achievement. — The symbols,
badges, and full armorial honours
of a Sovereign or subject. A-
chievement now chiefly refers to
hatchments displaying the en-
signs and dignity of the deceased
bearer. ■

No. 209. — Achievement of Arms
OF John Daubygne, a.d. 1345, from
his Monumental Slab at Norton Brlse,
Oxfordshire.

GLOSSARY.

1 05

Acorned. — Represented with acorns. The term fructed is more
generally used.

Addorsedf Adorsed, Adosse, Addose, or Endorsed. — Placed back to
back. A term applied to animals and inaninate charges. The
arms of Abbotsbury Abbey are az.^ three pair of keys, two in chief
and one in base, or, each pair addorsed and conjoined in the rings,
wards in chief

Admiral. — The title of the highest rank of naval officers, origin-
ally spelt amiral or anwiiral, from the Arabic amir, a lord or chief.

Adorned. — Charged, decorated.

Advancers. — The upper parts of the horns of a stag.

Affronte, Afrontee, Affrontant, or Affronted. — Front or full-faced
to the spectator. A term also applied to two animals facing each
other.

Agnus Dei. — The Lamb of God is one of the titles of Christ,
and the effigy of a lamb bearing a cross, and with a halo or nimbus,
is styled Agnus Dei. The Agnus Dei is borne in the arms of the
Middle Temple.

Aguilated, or Aigulated. — Adorned with the heads of eagles.

Aiguisee. — See Fitchee.

A isle. — Wing ed .

Ajoure. — Voided : showing the shield through.

Alant. — A short-eared mastiff.

Alb. — A long white linen vestment worn by ecclesiastics at
divine service.

Albany Herald. — One of the seven Scotch heralds.

Alcantara. — A Spanish Order of Knighthood, founded in 1156,
and raised by Pope Celestine III. in 1197 to the rank of a reli-
gious order. The badge is a cross fleurettee, and the crest of th^
order a pear-tree.

io6

HERALDRY.

Alder fnati. — A municipal -title derived from ealdor (older), and
ina7i (Ang. Sax.)

Alembic. — A form of still introduced by the alchemists. This
charge appears in the shield of the Pewterers’ Company.

Aliaize. — An ordinary coiiped at the ends.

Alise. — Globular.

Allerio7is, or Alc7do7is. — Displayed eagles or eaglets, beakless and
footless like the martlet.

Allu77iee. — Lighted from within. The eyes of an animal are
described alliwiee when sparkling.

Al77io7ier. — Originally a member of a religious order, who had to
distribute alms-money. The Lord High Almoner distributes the
Queen’s bounty. ^

Altar. — A charge sometimes occurring in Heraldry, and gene-
rally depicted as a heathen sacrificial altar inflamed.

A77ibiilant. — Walking, or passa7it. Some heralds are of opinion
that ‘‘ambulant” denotes the representation of a quicker mode of
progression than “ passant.”

A77ietliyst. — The name given by ancient heralds for piupw'c^ or

A7icient. — A small flag on the stern of a ship.

A7icred^ or A7ichored. — When the terminations of a cross are
turned back, and resemble those of an anchor.

p7irple.

A77ipliisie7i Cockat7'ice. — Having a second
head at the end of the tail.

A7ia7ias.— A pineapple.

No. 210.

A7ichor. — This charge is borne with a
cable, and set fesse-wise, by the British
Admiralty (No. 210); but it is usual to
place it m pale, and it is depicted without
a cable, unless the contrary is specified.

GLOSSARY.

07

Andretu or The Thistle. — A Scottish Order of Knighthood,
named after the patron saint of Scotland.

Andr eld's Cross. — See Saltire.

Aiigenne. — A six-leaved flower.

Angles. — A pair of interlaced angles, or chevronels, placed sal-
tier-wise, and terminating with an annulet.

Anime. — Having fire issuing from the mouth and ears.

Annodated. — Enwrapped, or bowed embowed — that is, bent like
the letter S. c

No. 21 T. No. 212.

Anmdet. — From annulus^ a ring. A mark of difference of the
fifth son (No. 2 1 2).

Annulettce^ or Annuletty. — Having an annulet at each extremity,
or ringed at the ends.

Annulets Conjoined. — Two or more annulets interlacing each
other (No. 211).

'Annunciation.— An Order of Knighthood instituted by the
Duke of Savoy in 1360.

. Antelope. — This animal is sometimes represented naturally and
sometimes conventionally. Some writers describe the latter as the
“ heraldic antelope.”

A '>tique, or Easteni Crown. — This crown is sometimes called the
radiated crown.” (No. 358 page 272.)

io8

HERALDRY.

Apostles. — Emblems have been assigned to the Apostles. To
St. Peter a gold and silver key ; to St. Paul a sword and book,
&c., &c. The arms of the See of London are gu., two siuords in
saltier, arg., potnmels or. Two keys are borne as charges in the
arms of the Sees of Peterborough, York, Gloucester and Bristol,
Exeter, Ripon and St. Asaph, and also in several of the Irish and
Colonial Sees.

Apple, —The heraldic apple is always represented with a stalk.

Appalmed, or Appaumee. — Open-handed : the hand placed up-
right, and the palm presented to view. The Badge of Ulster, the
distinctive ensign of the order and rank of baronets, is thus
blazoned upon a small shield : arg., a sijiister hand, couped at the
7orist and appaumee, gu.

Atxhbishop. — The highest order in the English Church.

Archduke. — A title taken by the sons of the Emperor of Austria.

Arched. — Said of an ordinary when the lines are curved. (No.
155, page 56.)

Arches, in Heraldry, are drawn with pillars and supports.

Argent, usually abbreviated <7r.— -The metal silver. In engraving
or carving, it is represented by white or a plain surface.

Arm. — Often appears as a charge, but more generally as a crest:
its position must be carefully given, whether erect or emboived, and
whether armed or vested.

Armed. — Having the natural weapons of defence. In heraldic
blazon, when the teeth, tusks, or horns of the bull, unicorn,

‘ ram, &c., or the talons of a bird of prey, are represented of a
different tincture from the animal or bird, such animal or bird is
said to be armed of such a colour or metal. Birds, other than
birds of prey, are said to be beaked and numbered instead of
armed.

GLOSSARY.

109

Armes Parlantes. — Such armorial devices and compositions as
fall under the definition of a rebus. Allusive or Canting Arms
abound in early Heraldry.

Arming Buckles. — A lozenge-shaped buckle.

Arfning Doublet. — A surcoat.

Armourer. — An amcient armour-smith.

A?'?noury. — A branch of Heraldry. The modern meaning of
the word is a storehouse for arms.

Armoi'ial Bearings. — The devices painted on a shield, and on
all the accompaniments of the shield.

Arms of AdoptioJi^ Alliance, Assumption, Augmentation, Com-
munity. Concession, Dominion, Office, Pat7'onage, Pi'etension, Sueees-
sion. Schools, Colleges, Abbeys, Monaste7'ies, Sees, a7id Societies. —
These are given in another part of this work.

A7'raclie. — Forcibly severed. The term erased is now more
generally used.

Arrasivise or Arrasivays. — In perspective, with one angle next
the spectator

A rrayed. — Habited.

Array er. — The title of a mediaeval military officer.

Ar7'i'ere. — Backwards; showing the back.

Arro7tdie. — Curved or rounded.

Ar7'ow. — Arrows are represented with the spear downwards, and
are blazoned ba7'bed or a7mied and featlw'ed. A bundle of arrows
consists of three, and is usually termed a sheaf, one in pale and
two in saltire. When there are more than three, the number must
be specified.

Arrow pheoned. — An arrow with a pheon in place of the barb or
spear.

Asce7idant. — Rising.

no

HERALDRY.

Ash Keys or Ashen Keys. — The seeds of the ash-tree represented
naturally.

Aspect. — Full-faced or at gaze.

Aspect ant, Aspecting, or Respect ant. — Face to face.

Aspersed. — Strewed or scattered.

Ass. — A charge borne by several families whose names begin
with ‘‘As.”

Assis. — Sitting. In English Heraldry sejant is more generally
used.

Assurgent. — Rising from the sea.

Assumptive Arms. — Arms of a captive assumed by his victor.

At Ray. — A term applied to a beast of the chase standing in
an attitude of defence.

At Gaze. — Full-faced : applied to an animal of the chase.

Attire. — Habit or dress. This term is also applied to the horn
of a stag.

Attired or horned. — Applies to animals having ornamental wea-
pons of defence, such as the deer, as armed applies to the bull, &c.

Attires. — The horns of a stag affixed to the scalp.

Aulned. — Bearded: applied to the ears of barley.

Aure. — Guttee dPr, or drops of gold.

Auriflamme. — An ancient banner.

Augmentation. — An honourable addition, either quartered with
the family arms or borne on an escutcheon.

Avellane Cross. — A cross having the extremities like a filbert.

Avers ant or dorsed. — Showing the back part.

Aviz. — A Portuguese Order of Knighthood.

Aylets. — Sea-swallows or Cornish choughs, with legs and beaks
gules.

Ayrant. — Applied to birds in their nests.

GLOSSARY,

III

Az. or Azure. — The tincture blue, represented in Heraldry by
horizontal lines.

Bachelor. — A term used to indicate esquires in the probationary
stage of knighthood. Knights who had not, as yet, raised their
ensign in the field.

Badge. — A device distinct from a shield or crest, and having a
signification of its own. A badge is not charged or placed upon a
shield.

Bag of Madder or Bale Corded. — A bale of goods.

Bagpipes^ and Hare playing Bagpipes. — Sometimes used in
Heraldry.

Bagwyn. — A fabulous heraldic beast.

BailloJie. — A rampant lion, having a baton in its mouth.

Baldrick. — A band or girdle worn as a military and heraldic
symbol. The blue sash worn by the Queen is called a Baldrick.

Bale-fire. — See Beaco7i.

Balisfa, or Ballistra (Gr., ballein, to throw). — Sometimes called
siveep or swepe: an ancient engine of warfare used for throwing
stones, always shown as charged with a stone.

Ball. — A spherical roundel. Roundels, when of metal, are re-
presented flat, but when of colour, spherical.

Ball of fire, Fire-ball, or Ball fired p7vper. — A ball with fire issuing
from the upper part,

Ball Tasselled. — A ball with four tassels radiating, like a cross.

Ba7ide. — A staff placed in bc7id.

Ba7tded. — Surrounded by a riband. When the band of a wheat-
sheaf is of a different tincture, it is blazoned ba7ided.

Bande7'ole. — The streamer tied to a crozier, or pastoral staff.

Band7'ick. — A sword-belt.

Ban7ier. — A piece of cloth or silk of a square shape, attached

II2

HERALDRY.

to a pole or staff, and bearing an heraldic device. The banner
was the distinctive ensign of the Knight Banneret, and of the
highest orders of military chiefs. The pennon of the simple
knight was pointed at the ends. Some banners, such as the
orijiamine of St. Denis, displayed no heraldic charge, and were
known simply by their colour. Banners are represented with
fringes of the principal metal and colour of arms.

Banneret. — A knight who for some brave deed was entitled to
bear a banner instead of a pennon. The elevation of a knight to
a Knight Banneret was accompanied by the act of cutting or
removing the points of the pennon. One “John Smith” was the
last Knight Banneret made on the field of battle, tempo Charles I.

Baphomet. — An heraldic fabulous figure in use as a symbol
among the Templars, having two heads, male and female, the rest
of the body female.

Bar. — An honourable ordinary, containing one-fifth part of the
field. This is unlike the fesse in that it can be placed in any
part of the field. The bar has also its diminutives in the Closset^
which is one-half, and the B armlet, which is one fourth of the bar.

Ba7'-gejnelle. — Two parallel bars. Any number of bars not ex-
ceeding four may be used on a shield.

Barbs. — The five outside petals of the heraldic rose.

Barbed or Bearded. — Having barbs. This also refers to the
point of a weapon.

Barbed and Crested.— E term used when blazoning the comb and
gills of a cock. See Combed and Wattled.

Barbed Arrows. — Arrows having barbed points.

Bai'bel. — The fish of this name.

Barded. — A term describing a charger caparisoned.

Barnacle. — A water-fowl with a broad bill.

GLOSSARY.

Barnacles or Breys. — A description of horse-curb used in
breaking the animal. This charge may be borne closed or ex-
tended. (Nos. 213 and 214).

No. 213. No. 214.

Baron. — The lowest rank in the British peerage.

Baronet. — A title which is the lowest degree of hereditary honour
in the United Kingdom.

Baron and Fe7nme is a term used to express the dexter and
sinister, or husband and wife’s, side of the shield.

Barrulet. — A diminutive of the bar, being equal to one-fourth
of it (No. 6t, page 21).

Barridle or Barruly. — Barry of ten or more pieces divided into
a number of equal partitions of alternate tinctures.

Barry-Bendy. — Divided by lines into an even number of parts,
horizontally and diagonally, alternating the tinctures (No. 13c,
page 48).

Bany Indefited., or Barry-Bendy dexter and sinister. — When the
bars are indented. This may best be explained by a field of
triaiigles of alternate tinctures.

Barry-Pily. — When the shield is covered with piles placed bar-
wise (No. 139, page 50).

Barry- Wavy. — Similar to barry^ but with undulated lines.

Bar-shot — Two balls connected by a bar of iron.

8

HERALDRY.

1 14

Ba7'-7vise or baf'-ivays. — Placed horizontally on the shield.

Base. — The lower i^art of the shield. There is a dexter, mid-
dle, and sinister base. When any figure is placed in the base of
the shield, it is said to be m base.

Basilisk. — One of the heraldic imaginary animals like the
wyvern, having a dragon’s head at the end of the tail.

Basinet or Basnet. — A plain helmet.

Basket. — This is generally represented of wicker, with a handle
over the top. See also Winnowing Basket^ Van, Fan, or Shruttle.

Bastard Bar. — A mark of illegitimacy placed over the paternal
coat. ‘‘ The half of the scarp with the English is called a Batton
sinister; by the French, Baston sinister. It is never carried in
arms but as a mark of illegitimation, commonly called the Bastard
barr.” — Nisbet. See Baton.

Bath. — An Order of Knighthood.

Bat. — The bat in Heraldry is always borne displayed. ^‘The
batt may signifie men of quick and secret execution.” — Sylvanus
Morgan.

Baton, Batton, Baston, or Battoon. — A staff borne generally as
a mark of illegitimacy; it is one-fourth of the bend sinister, but
does not reach to the extremities of the shield (No. 57, page 21).

Battering-ram. — An ancient engine of warfare used in a siege,
represented as a wooden beam hooped with two rings of iron, on
which are hooks, and having an iron ram’s head at one end.

Battleaxe. — A short staff having on one side of the upper end a
broad blade, and on the other a spear.

Battled or Enibattled. — Having battlements or a border like
battlements.

Battled Enibattled. — Having one battlement surmounting an-
other.

GLOSSARY.

115

Batiine. — See Baton.

BeacoHy Cresset^ or Fire-Beaco7i. — An iron basket, having flames
issuing therefrom, raised on a pole, against which is represented a
ladder. Another kind of fire-beacon sometimes used in Heraldry,
is not unlike a square cattle-crib or iron box on four legs.

Beaked. — Said of birds, other than those of prey, when the
tincture of the beak differs from that of the body.

Beam. — The principal horn or attire of a hart or buck.

Beams. — See Rays.

Bear. — The animal of this name, usually blazoned passant.

Beard. — The barb of an arrow.

Bearded. — Barbed. Arrows are generally blazoned barbed.

Bearers. — Supporters. Figures placed as if in the act of holding
up or guarding the shield.

Bearing. — A charge borne on a shield. The complete coat of
arms is also called a bearing.

Beautified. — See Adorned.

Beaver. — The amphibious animal of this name.

Beaver or Visor. — The movable shutter of a helmet.

“ I saw young Harry with his beaver on.” — Shakspeare.

Beddeth. — The place where an animal is lodged.

Bee. — The emblem of industry. This insect is in Heraldry
generally represented volant.

Bee-hive beset with bees. — The ordinary rush hive surrounded by
bees volant.

Bell. — The bells used as charges in Heraldry are the church
bell and the hawk’s bell. See Church Bell and HawRs Bell.

Belled. — Having bells attached or tied to the legs.

Bellows^ when borne in a shield, are represented in pale., with
the tube or nozzle in base.

8 — 2

ii6

HERALDRY.

Belt. — A leathern strap with a buckle at one end, generally
blazoned in pale, buckle in chief.

Bend. — An honourable ordinary (No. 51, page 21).

Bend si?iisier. — A bend reversed ; that is, from sinister chief to
dexter base.

Bend-wise or In bend. — Placed in the position of a bend.

Bendlet. — A diminutive of the bend, and one-half its width
(No. 52, page 21).

Bendy. — Divided bend-wise into an even number of parts (No.
129, page 48).

Betw. — An abbreviation of between.

Bezant or Besant. — Represented, in English Heraldry, as a flat
piece of gold. It derives its name from a coin of Byzantium (No.
83, page 34)-

Bezante. — Bezants scattered over a field, generally in rows of
five, four, three, two, and one.

Bezantlier. — The second branch of a buck’s horn.

Bicapited or Bicapitated. — Double-headed.

Bicorporated. — Double-bodied.

Bill or Billhead. — A woodman’s tool.

Billets. — Brick-shaped charges of any tincture (No. 79, page
33)-

Billete or Billety. — Billets scattered over the field.

Bip anted. — Cut in the form of an indent, and showing two pro-
jecting pieces.

Bh'd-Bolt. — A short, thick, blunt-headed arrow.

Bishop. — The title of the highest order of clergy of the An-
glican branch of the Catholic Church. The bishops in number
are twenty-one for England, four for Wales, and one for Sodor
and Man.

GLOSSARY,

17

Bitt or Bit. — The snaffle-bit and manage-bit often occur in
Heraldry.

Black. — In Heraldry termed sable.

Black Eagle {Order of). — A Prussian Order for nobles only.

Black Rod {Usher of the). — Chief gentleman Usher to the
Sovereign, and an offlcer of the Order of the Garter.

Bladed. — h. term used when the stem or stalk is of a different
tincture from the fruit or ear.

Bla7iche-Lyon. — A pursuivant to the Dukes of Norfolk in
mediaeval times.

Blazing Star. — An estoile with an illuminated tail, always
represented in bend.

Blazon or Blazonry. — The correct technical description and
representation of armorial bearings.

Blue. — Termed aztcre in Heraldry.

Blue Mantle. — ^The title of an English pursuivant-at-arms.

Bhiebottle. — A flower like a thistle.

■ Boar. — Always represented as the wild boar.

Boar's Head. — Represented in profile. This is the well-known
cognizance of the Gordons and other old families. It was the
sign of a tavern in Eastcheap immortalized by Shakspeare.

Bolt and Ttm or Bolt-in-Tun. — A bird-bolt piercing a tun.

Boltant. — Springing forward.

Bomiet. — The velvet cap of the coronet.

Book. — Sometimes borne open and sometimes closed.

Book with Seven Seals. — A charge in the arms of the Oxford
University.

Bor dure or Border. — One of the ordinaries originally used to
distinguish one part of a family from another, or to show that the
bearer is a cadet of the house whose arms he carries. The border

HERALDRY.

•Ji8

is of an equal breadth, and takes up a fifth of the field. In
impaling, the side of the border next the divisional line is
omitted. Although the border was used as a difference, it is now
generally used as a charge.

Bottle. — Generally represented of leather, but sometimes of
glass with a long neck, and a cord attached, twisted into an
ornamental knot.

Bottony or Bottonee. — A term applied to a cross having its ex-
tremities ending in trefoils, or buds.

Bottonee Fitchee. — The same as the preceding, but with the
lower extremity pointed.

Bouget or Water-Budget or Bucket. — Variously represented in
ancient manuscripts. See Water-Bouget.

B our chier Knot. — The badge of the Bourchier family, and used
to decorate the mantling.

Bourdon. — A palmer’s staff.

Bo7ued, Fleeted, or Reflected. — Curved : in the case of an arm,
bent at the elbow.

Boiued, Embowed. — Said of a serpent when coiled up, and its
head coming up through the folds.

Bowen's Knot. — A knot formed of four bows. (See chapter on
Knots, page 313.)

Braced or Brazed. — Interlaced or fretted.

Branches. — These are generally represented as having nine
leaves, but when fructed only four.

Brands or Fire-brands. — Are generally represented in pale,
raguly, with flame in chief.

Brassarts. — Pieces of plate armour, which protected the upper
part of the arms.

Brasses. — Sepulchral engraved brass plates.

GLOSSARY.

119

Brettessee. — Counter-embattled, having battlements facing one
another.

Breys or Barnacles. — See latter.

Bridges. — Are frequently borne in arms, and generally with an
embattled top, and with three or more arches through which
water is represented flowing.

The number of arches must always be specified; and if the
divisional lines of the stones are represented, this is blazoned
masoned^ and the water transflueiit. The ancient seal of the Bridge-
wardens of Rochester Bridge represents the Holy Trinity seated
on a bridge of five arches.

Bristled. — Said of a boar when the hair on the back of the neck
is of a different tincture from the body.

Brisure or Brizure. — A mark of cadency.

Broad Arrow. — A pheon, but having the inside of the barbs
plain. This charge is used as an exclusive Government mark,
and is placed on all naval stores.

Broche. — An embroiderer’s tool, not unlike a fork.

Broglie. — A high shoe, with a pointed toe, and open at the side.

Broken. — Said of a charge when splintered or shattered.

Brow-Antler. — The first branch of a buck’s attire.

Bucket. — A pail, standing on three legs, and having a cord
handle. See also Water-Bouget.

Buckler^ in old armour, was a kind of shield worn on the left
arm.

Buckle. — This bearing may be of any shape.

Bugle-horn or Hunting-horn. — Generally blazoned garnished;
that is, having a band round the horn; and sometimes with
strings.

Bullets. — See Pellets.

120

HERALDRY.

Biuidle of Sticks. — Generally represented as six sticks m pale^
tied round the middle with a cord.

Burg07id. — A helmet of the sixteenth century.

Burling-iro7i. — A weaver’s instrument.

Biitto7ied. — Said of buckles when garTiisJied or studded.

Butterflies. — Are generally blazoned voldTit. The arms of Mus-
CHAMP are az.^ three hutterflies volant, or.

Cable. — A twisted rope.

Cabled. — Said of an ordinary or charge formed of a cable.

Caboched, Caboshed, or Cabossed. — Affronte, or full-faced. When
the head of the animal is placed looking at the spectator, and the
neck is concealed. Trimked is another term for caboshed.

Cabre. — Erect, salient.

Cade7icy. — That heraldic distinction of the several members of
the same family, or of the collateral branches of the same house,
which is indicated by some special device.

Cadet. — A younger son or branch of a family.

Caduceus or Mercury's Mace. — h. wand having two serpents
a7i7iodated or enwrapped about it. The Caduceus was carried by
ambassadors and heralds, from the circumstance probably that it
formed one of the attributes of the messenger of the gods.

Caltrops, Caltrops, Cheval-t7'aps, or Galt7'aps. — Instruments of
iron, having sharp points projecting, to wound horses’ feet (Nos.

No. 215.

No. 216.

GLOSSARY.

I2I

Calatrava. — A Spanish Order of Knighthood.

Calvary or Cross Calvary. — A cross having three steps or grieses.

Camel. — Usually depicted passant

Camel-leopard. — Ancient heralds described this as half camel and
half leopard.

Cameleopardel. — A fabulous heraldic beast like the camel-leopard
with two straight horns.

Campanes. — Bells suspended to charges.

Candlestick. — A charge in the arms of the Founders’ Company.

Ca?mets. — Ducks without feet or beaks • these are generally de-
picted in profile.

Ca7inon. — Always borne mounted unless otherwise expressed.

Canon. — An ecclesiastical dignitary

Ca7itmg Ar77is. — Armorial devices and compositions which fall
under the definition of a rebus. Allusive or canting arms abound
in early Heraldry,

Ca7ito7i. — One of the honourable ordinaries. Ancient writers
call this ordinary A7igiilus. It occupies a corner of the shield, and
in size is a third of the chief (No. 67, page 29).

Ca7ito7i Sinister. — A canton on the sinister side of shield. A
canton may also be borne in the base of the shield.

Ca7ito7ied. — Placed between four objects or charges; or when a
single charge is placed in the first quarter of the shield.

Ca7ito7i7iee. — Borne with a cross.

Cap. — A bearing of dignity, other than a crown or coronet.

Cap-a-pie. — Said of a knight armed head to foot.

Cap of Mamte7ia7ice^ Dnciper^ or Chapeau. — An ancient bearing,
made of crimson velvet and ermine, and generally belonging to the
achievement of a duke. It sometimes takes the place of a wreath
above the helmet (No. 359, page 273).

122

HERALDRY.

Cardinal. — A Prince of the Roman Church.

C ar dinar s Hat. — A red broad-brimmed hat, with long hanging
tassels at each side.

Caparisoned. — Accoutred or armed for the field.

Capital. — The upper part of a pillar.

Carbuncle or Escarbimcle. — A gem. Represented in Heraldry
as eight sceptres issuing from a central annulet. This charge is
supposed to have had its origin in the ornamental bands placed
across a shield to give it strength.

Casque. — A helmet.

Castle. — Represented as a wall and gate between two towers.
A castle blazoned with four towers is represented in perspective
as a quadrangle with a tower at each corner.

Castles with four towers are sometimes blazoned two towers m
pale and two m fesse. These are also represented in perspective,
but one angle is placed next the spectator, whereas in the former
one side of the square is in the foreground. Castles were origin-
ally granted as charges to knights or others who aided in the de-
struction of them j but in later times a castle has been granted to
a doctor of physic I

Cat. — Sometimes used as a supporter.

Cat-a-Mountain. — A wild cat borne as a charge, and always repre-
sented guardant, or full-faced.

Catherine Wheel. — A wheel having eight spokes or arms, and at
the end of each a curved spike.

C.B. — Com.panion of the Bath.

Celestial Crown. — An antique or Eastern crown, having a mullet
on the point of each ray.

Centaur. — One of the fabulous heraldic charges, half man and
half horse.

GLOSSARY.

123

Cercellee or Recercdlee. — Curling at the extremities.

Cerise or Seruse. — A torteau.

Chafant. — Said of an enraged boar.

Chamed. — Having a chain attached to the collar.

Chain-shot. — An iron spiked shot, with a chain attached at
each end.

Chalice. — The sacramental cup.

Chamher-piece. — A small piece of ordinance without a carriage.

Chamberlain^ Lord. — An officer of the Royal household.

Cha7nberlain, Lord Great. — An hereditary officer of great an-
tiquity.

• Chapeau. — See Cap of Maintenance.

Chape or Crainpit. — The^metal end of a scabbard.

Chaperomie or Chaperon. — A small ornamental shield placed on
the heads of horses at funerals.

Chaplet or Garland. — A wreath of oak or laurel. A chaplet of
roses is composed of leaves with four roses, two in pale and two in
fesse.

Charge. — Any simple heraldic figure represented in a coat of arms.

Charged. — A shield, banner, &c. bearing any charge upon it.

Charle?}iagnd s Crown. — A charge in the shield of George I. and
succeeding kings.

Chasuble. — The uppermost garment worn by priests.

Chausse. — A section in base; that is, a semicircle struck from the
fesse point or centre of the shield.

Chaussee. — Wearing shoes.

Cheeky^ Cheeche, Chequ'ee^ or Chequy. — See latter.

Checkers or Chequers. — See Chequy.

Chequy. — A field covered with small squares of alternate tinc-
tures (No. 134, page 48).

124

HERALDRY.

Cherub. — A winged head.

Chess Rook or Cocke. — One of the pieces used in the game of
chess. A kind of tower or castle (Nos. 217 and 218).

No. 217. No. 218.

Cheval-trap, Caltrap, or Galtrap. — See Caltrap.

Chevron. — One of the ordinaries. ^ See chapter on Honour-
able Ordinaries.”

Chevron, Per. — Divided after the manner of a chevron.

Chevron Reversed. — When the point of the chevron is in the base
of the field

Chevro7i Couped. — ^When the ends of this ordinary do not reach
to the outside of the shield (No. 167, page 56).

Cha^ron Braced. — When two or more chevrons are interlaced
(No. 165, page 56).

Chevronel or Cheveronel. — A diminutive of the chevron, con-
taining one-half of the chevron (No. 65, page 21).

Chevronny. — When the shield is divided by a number of lines in
the form of chevrons.

Chevronways or Chevi'07iwise. — Charges placed in the position of
a chevron.

Chief. — The upper part of a shield. One of the honourable
ordinaries, and in blazon is mentioned last, unless it be charged
with a bearing (No. 47, page 21). A chief may be mvected,

GLOSSARY.

125

engrai/eA, wavy, &c. &c. ; that is, the line dividing it from the
shield may be any of these.

Chizzel. — A carpenter’s chisel.

Christ, Order of. — A Portuguese Order of Knighthood.

Church. — Churches and parts of churches are borne both as
charges and crests.

Church Bells are represented in perspective, showing the eleva-
tion and under part of the bell and clapper, and on the top of
the bell a shank or staple. The families of Bell and Porter
bear church bells.

Chivalry. — The system of knighthood.

Cinquefoil. — A five-leaved grass, represented by five leaves
issuing from a central ball. When the ball is pierced, this charge
is blazoned a cinquefoil pierced (No. 388, page 295).

Citadel with two towers. — This differs from a castle with two
towers, in that the wall or port is represented in front of the
towers and not between them.

Civic Crown. — A garland of oak-leaves and acorns.

Cla?n. — See Escallop.

Clarencieux King-of-Arms. — One of the two provincial kings-of-
arms in England. His jurisdiction extends to all England south
of the Trent.

Clarion. — A musical instrument, sometimes called a rest (Nos.
219 to 222). The illustrations are from early examples.

No. 219. No. 220. No. 221. No. 222.

126

HERALDRY.

Claricord. — See ancient representations of the clarion.

ClarinL — Having a collar with a bell attached.

Clasps. — Small bars attached to the ribbons of medals to denote
some particular action.

Cleche. — Pierced so that only the rim or outer edge remains.

Clenched or Clinched. — Closed. Said of a hand when it is
closed.

Clock. — A charge used in the arms of the Clockmakers’
Company.

Close. — When the wings of an eagle, kite, or falcon, &c., are
close to the body. This term is applied to horse-barnacles, and
also to a helmet when the vizor is down.

Close girt. — Said of a habited figure tied with a girdle.

Closet. — A diminutive of the bar, and one-half its width.

Closing-tongs. — Smith’s tools : charges in the arms of the Founders’
Company.

Cloiiee. — Studded or fastened with nails.

Cloves. — The spice of this name, borne in the arms 'of the
Grocers’ Company.

Club. — Sometimes represented in the hands of a savage.

Club Spiked. — The same, having spikes issuing from it.

C.M.G. — Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St.
George.

Clymant. — Said of a goat standing on its hind-legs.

Coach. — A bearing in the Coachmakers’ arms

Coat of Arms. — A coat bearing armorial insignia, worn over the
armour by mediaeval warriors. The ‘^Coat of Arms,” as now
understood, is a complete and distinctive heraldic composition.

Cobweb a7id Spider. — In this charge the spider is represented in
the centre of the web.

GLOSSARY.

127

Cock or Dunghill Cock. — The bird of this name, generally
blazoned comhed^ wattled, and spurred. An image of this bird was
generally placed on the summit of churches, either as an emblem of
vigilance and watchfulness, or as a warning against St. Peter’s sin.

Cockade. — Originally a party badge worn on the hat of the
adherents. During the wars between the Houses of York and
Lancaster, the followers were distinguished by a white or red rose
worn in the cap. The origin or meaning of the modern black
cockade it is not easy to arrive at, and it certainly is not clear who
are entitled to assume the distinction. Custom seems to assign
the plain rose cockade to naval officers, and the same surmounted
by a fan to military officers. To civil servants, the former, with
the addition of a coloured centre.

Cockatrice. — An imaginary fabulous charge, half fowl and half
reptile, similar to the wyvern, but combed, &c., like the cock. The
cockatrice is sometimes blazoned wings displayed, and at others
wings indorsed.

Cocquel. — See Escallop.

Cognizance. — See Badge.

Coif of Mail. — A defensive hood, worn under the great helm.

Collar. — An ornament indicative of rank, office, and position.
Originally collars were decorations of honour, but we now generally
regard them as insignia of some Order of Knighthood. They were
sometimes composed of the family badge of the wearer.

Collared. — Wearing a collar on the neck. When a coronet or
croivn is worn on the neck, it is blazoned gorged.

College of Arms. — This consists of three kings-of-arms, six heralds,
and of four pursuivants.

Colour. — There are five colours in Heraldry, viz. : blue, red,
black, green, and purple, blazoned az., gu., sa., vert., purp.

128

HERALDRY.

Cohcmbine. — The flower of this name, represented hanging from
a stem with two leaves.

Column. — Generally represented of the Doric order.

Co7nbataiit or Confronte. — Facing each other, rampant, fighting.

Co7fibd. — See Fillet.

Co77iet. — A star of six points, with a fiery tail. See Blazmg Sta7'.

Co7npa7iio7is of the Bath. — Members of the third class ” of the
Order.

Compart77ie7it. — S e e Partitio7i.

Co77tpasses. — The carpenter’s instrument of this name.

Co7nple77ie7it. — Said of the moon when represented as a full
moon.

Co77ipo7iy^ Co77ipo7iey or Gobo7iy. — A term applied to a border or
other ordinary divided into alternate tinctures. Coimte7'-Co77ipony
is when the border has two lines of division (No. 141, page 51).

Co77ipostella. — A decayed military Order of Spain.

Co7iey. — A rabbit: borne by the Coningsby family.

Co7ifronte. — See Combatant.

Co7iger EeVs Head. — This charge is always placed m pale^ with
head m chief.

Co7ijoi7ied^ Aboute^ or Incorporated. — Connected, or linked to-
gether.

Co7ijoi7ied-m-lure. — Two wings joined, with their tips downwards.

Co7istable. — In mediaeval times a military officer of the highest
rank.

Co7itoise. — A flowing scarf attached to a helm.

Co7itourne. — Reversed on the field. See Coimterpassant.

Coote. — A small black water-fowl, with a sharp-pointed beak.

Cope. — An ecclesiastical vestment, worn during mass and at
coronations.

GLOSSAI^V.

29

Copper. — A kind of reel upon which wire is wound.

Corbie. — See Raven.

Corded. — Formed like a cable or rope j bound with a cable.

Cor7Hora7it. — A bird like a goose, with a sharp bill.

Cor7iet. — A small flag. The crest of the ancient family of Hyde
is ^^071 a wreath arge7it and gules., a la7ice or horsema7ls staff e silver,
with a jlagge or cor7iett gules, frmged arge7itl'

Cor7iish Chough. — A bearing common in the arms of Cornish
families, represented sable, with beaks and legs gtdes.

Cor7i7icopia. — Represented filled with corn and fruit.

Co7'07iet. — The ensign of princely and noble rank, corresponding
in its own degree with the Crown of a Sovereign Regnant. The
Coronets of the Peers of England are worn by them on the occa-
sion of the coronation of their Sovereign. They all, in com-
paratively modern times, have been made to enclose a cap of
crimson velvet, lined with ermine, and surmounted by a tassel of
rich gold bullion. Coronets, as insignia of nobility, were evidently
in general use by the nobles of England in the reign of Edward III.,
but they did not assume their present (or, indeed, any) distinctive
characteristics until a period much nearer to our own times.

Cost or Couste. — A diminutive of the bend. See Cotise.

Cotoye. — Cotised.

Cotise or Cottise. — A diminutive of the bend. When borne
singly, the term cost is used.

Cotised. — Having cotises. When a bend has a cotise on either
side, it is blazoned a be7id cotised.

Cotto7i Ha7iks. — Generally represented in pale. This charge is
borne in the arms of some of the great cotton spinners.

Couchant. — Lying on the ground, but with the head lifted up.

Couche. — Said of a shield suspended by a belt.

9

130

HERALDRY.

Coitdiere. — The piece of armour that was used to protect the
elbow joint, in the panoply of the second half of the thirteenth
century (No. 208, page 102).

Coulter. — Part of a plough.

Coimter-changed. — When the field is parted per chevron or other
ordinary, one half of the field being a metal and the other a colour,
the tinctures of charges which fall upon the metal and colour are
reversed.

No. 223.

No. 223 is per chevron, or. and az., three lions counter-changed:
the arms of Catling, of Needham Hall, Co. Cambridge.

Coimter-coinpon'ee. — Two rows of squares, having the metal and
colour alternating.

Counter-emhowed. — Bent, with the elbow to the sinister, or bent
in reversed directions.

Counter-er77iined. — See ErTnmes.

Coimter-fleury. — Said of a tressure fleury or other ordinary when
the alternate deurs-de-tis are reversed.

GLOSSARY.

131

Coimter-passant. — Said of two beasts passing each other in con-
trary directions.

Counter-potent. — One of the heraldic furs.

Counter-salient. — Leaping in different directions.

Counter-trippant or tripping. — Applies to deer as Counter-passant
does to the lion.

Counter-vair. — One of the heraldic furs. It differs from Vair
by having its cups or little shields of the same tinctures placed base
against base.

Countess. — The title and rank of the wife of an Earl.

Couped or Coupee.— Cut off smoothly. This term is used to
describe the head or any limb cut cleanly from the trunk. It is
distinct from erased^ which is ragged by being violently torn off.

Couped Close. — Said of a head when no part of the neck is
visible.

Couple-close. — A diminutive of the chevron, and always borne in
pairs. A chevron between two couple-closes is generally blazoned
a chevron cotised.

Courant. — Running at full speed.

Couronne. — Crowned.

Courtesy, Titles of. — Titles of honour assumed by individuals or
granted to them by the Sovereign, which in law have no validity.
Sons and daughters of Peers have titles by popular consent, and
not by any legal right. For instance, a Duke may have the accu-
mulated titles of Marquess, Earl, Viscount, and Baron; one of these
is permitted to be taken or assumed by the eldest son. The
younger sons of Dukes and Marquesses have the courtesy title of
Lord, but this title does not carry with it the right to a seat in
the House of Lords, nor does it raise the bearer from the rank of
a commoner.

9—2

132

HERALDRY.

Couste. — See Cotise.

Covered Cup. — An egg-shaped, ornamental, covered cup, with a
circular pedestal and base (No. 224).

No. 224, No. 225.

Coward or Cowed. — Said of an animal having its tail between
its legs, and looking back.

Cowl. — See Hood.

Crab. — The shell-fish of this name, always represented with its
claws in chief.

Crampit^ Crampette., or Botterole. — The point of the scabbard
which prevents the point of the sword from protruding. See
Chape.

Crampettee. — Ornamented, as the scabbard of a sword is at its
extremity.

Cramps.^ — Irons used in building, having claws or hooks at
either end.

Crancelin. — A coronet extended in bend. This charge is also
blazoned a bend trejlee vert., or wreath of rue. It is borne in the
arms of Saxony, and Albert Edward, Prince of Wales,
quarters it in his shield.

Crenellee.—'$)tQ. E^nbattled.

Crenelles. — The open spaces or embrasures of an embattled line.

GLOSSARY.

133

Cresce7it. — A half-moon-shaped charge, with its horns turned
upwards (No. 225).

Cresset. — See Beacon.

Crest. — An adjunct to the shield, represented on a wreath,
coronet, or chapeau, and placed above the helmet in an achieve-
ment. In early times crests were made of leather, and were large
in size, but were afterwards made of metal or wood.

Crest-wreath. — Twisted silk of two tinctures which supports the
crest (No. 393, page 299).

Crested. — Said of a cock or other bird when of a different tinc-
ture from the body.

Crined. — Having hair or mane.

Crocodile. — The amphibious animal of this name.

Crose. — A drawing-board. A charge in the Coopers’ arms.

Cross. — One of the honourable ordinaries. — See chapter on the
Cross.

Crossbow.— old English weapon of this name..

Ci'osslet. — A small cross.

Crossiaays. — Placed in the form of a cross.

Cf'ou'n of Thorns. — Two branches of thorns twisted into a
garland.

Crown of Rne, in bend. — Part of the armorial bearings of the
late Prince Consort.

Crowns. — See Antiqiie Crow 71., Celestial Crow7i., Crow7i Vail ary.
Rural C 7^07071, Naval Crown, Royal Crown, Cro7im of Rue.

C7'ow7i Vallary. — A golden circle surmounted by small pali-
sades.

C7'ozier. — The cross-headed staff of an Archbishop.

Crusilly, — Covered or strewed with cross crosslets, as in the
arms of Trumpington.

134

HERALDRY.

Cubit Arm. — An arm couped at the elbow, dexter, unless other-
wise blazoned.

Cuffed. — When a cuff is blazoned of a different tincture from
the sleeve, it is said to be cuffed.

Cuirass. — A breastplate; originally a jerkin or musket-proof
leather garment.

Cup. — See Chalice. See also Covered Cup.

Currier's Shave. — A flexible blade between two handles, used
for paring leather.

Cushio7t. — Generally borne lozengy. When with a tassel at each
angle it is blazoned tasselled.

Cutlas. — The weapon so called.

Cutting Iron. —A blade attached to a bar, having a handle at
one end and a hook at the other.

Cygnet Royal.— K swan gorged with a ducal coronet, having a
chain afflxed thereto, and reflexed over its back.

Dacre Knot and Badge. — A cord entwined about an escallop-
shell and a ragged staff.

Dagger. — A short sword, called a “ Misericorde,” and in monu-
mental effigies worn on the right side.

Dais, Dois, or Dez. — A canopy over a throne or knight’s stall.

Daisy. — The perennial flower of this name, and the emblem of
fidelity in love, generally represented with a stalk and two leaves.
In the days of chivalry it was frequently borne by knights and
ladies at tournam-ents.

Dalmatic. — A robe of state worn by Sovereign Princes, and by
Bishops in the middle ages, under the chasuble. It is the distinctive
vestment of a deacon.

Dame. — The legal designation of the wife of a Baronet.

Dancette or Danse. — Sometimes used by early heralds to denote

GLOSSARY.

135

a /esse dancette. It occurs in this acceptation in the roll of
Caerlaverock.

Dancette. — Deeply indented. When the division is per fesse
dancette, the indentations never exceed three in number.

Danebrog. — The second of the Danish orders, instituted in 1219.

Danish Axe. — Similar to the broad axe, but with an indent in
the upper edge of the blade.

Datiphin. — Formerly the title of the eldest son of the French
Kings, but abolished in 1830.

Dauphin! s Crow7i. — A circle of gold surrounded by eight
fleurs-de-lis, surmounted with four dolphins.

Death's Head. — A human skull represented in perspective.

DeatJls Head m a Cup. — The same as the preceding, resting on
a chalice.

Dean. — The governor of the canons in cathedral and collegiate
churches. There are other Deans, such as Dean of Arches, Dean
of Faculty, &c., &c.

Debruised. — Said of an ordinary placed upon a charge or upon
another ordinary.

Decapitated or Decollated. — Having the head cut off.

Dechausse. — See Dismei7ibered.

Decked. — Adorned. This term also applies to birds having their
feathers trimmed and edged of another tincture.

Decollated. — See Decapitated.

Decouple or U7icoupled. — Parted or severed.

Decours. — See Decrescent.

Decre77ient. — See Decresce7it.

Decresce7it or Decressa7it. — Said of the moon in its wane, whose
horns are turned to the sinister side of the shield.

Defamed, Diffa77ie, or Disgraced. — Without a tail.

136

HERALDRY,

Defences, — The natural weapons of beasts, &c. &c.

Defender of the Faith. — A title of the Sovereigns of England
since Henry VIII.

Defendu. — See Armed.

Degraded or Degreed. — Placed upon steps, as a cross calvary.

Degrees. — Steps.

Delf. — A cube, representing a block of coal or turf.

Demembered. — See Dis77ienibered.

De77ii. — The upper or dtxter half.

De77ii~Mo7ik. — The crest of the family of Knight, of Bobbing,
Co. Kent.

Detri77ie7it. — Said of the moon when eclipsed.

Developed. Displayed ; as a flag unfurled.

Devices. — Heraldic representations.

' Devourmg or Vora7it. — Swallowing whole ; generally applied to
fish.

Dexter. — The right-hand side.

Dexter Base. — The right-hand side of the base of the shield.

Dexter Chief. — The right-hand of chief.

Diade77i. — A fillet of silk or wool worn as a distinguishing
ornament by Kings until superseded by the crown.

Diade77ied. — A term applied to the crowned heads of the Impe-
rial eagle.

Dia77io7id. — A precious stone; the ancient blazon of sable or
black.

Diaper. — Is a system of surface decoration used by heralds to
increase the beauty of a shield ; Diaper is, therefore, simply an
ornamental accessory, and not a charge.

Diapered. — Ornamented with an arabesque or geometrical
pattern.

GLOSSARY.

137

Dice. — These are generally borne in pairs, and are represented
in perspective, one angle next the spectator.

Differences or Brisui'es. — Distinguishing marks introduced into
heraldic compositions, for the purpose of identifying different
persons who bear the same arms.

Dilated. — Said of an animate charge when opened or extended.

Dhnidiated. — Cut in halves and one half removed.

Diminution of Arms. — See Differences.

Diminutives.— Divisions of Ordinaries : these are the Barrulet,
the Cost, the Fillet, &c.

Disarmed. — A bird or beast without its natural weapons ot
offence and defence.

Disclosed. — Expanded; g e-
nerally applied to birds other
than those of prey. See Dis-
played.

Dismembered or Dememhered.

— An animal or bird divided
or cut in pieces without dis-
arrangement of the parts.

Displayed. — Spread or ex-
panded. Applied to birds of
prey with spread wings (No.

226).

Disponed. — Arranged.

Distinctions of Families. —

See Marks of Cade7icy.

Disvelloped. — See Developed.

Dividmg Lines. Dividing No. 226 —Eagle Displayed.

, , , . T T • From the Monument of Aubot Ramrydge,

and border lines, m addition to St. Alban’s Abbey.

138

HERALDRY.

simple right lines and curves, assume various forms — such as waz^y,
engrailed, embattled, &c., &c.

Dogs. — See Alant. The dog is the emblem of fidelity, and was
generally introduced at the feet of married women in sepulchral
effigies with that signification. It also signifies loyalty to the
Sovereign.

Dog Collar. — Generally represented of a horse-shoe shape — the
two extremities nearly meeting, and connected by a chain and
padlock.

Dolphin. — The sea-fish of this name, generally represented m-
bowed. The dolphin most probably was originally used to convey
the idea of sovereignty. The example given (No. 227) is from the
brass to Nicholas Aumberdene,

Domed. -Said of a tower having a conical covering.

Dojzimion (Arms of). — The armorial insignia of a Sovereign
Regnant, borne in right of the regal office and rank, and as the
symbols of supreme authority and power. Such arms are also, by
custom, held to be the arms of the country and the nation, as well
as of the Sovereign. True Heraldry distinguishes these arms of
dominion from all other armorial ensigns, and it restricts them ab-
solutely to the successive occupants of the throne. Thus the Royal
arms are not borne without difference even by the nearest relatives

GLOSSARY.

139

of the Sovereign, and no person whatever can rightly quarter these
arms without some mark of cadency.

Dormant. — Asleep. This differs from couchant^ in that the head
is lowered.

Dosser. — See Water Bouget.

Double Fitchee. — Having two points.

Double Queue. — Having two tails, as in the case of some heraldic
lions.

Double Tete. — Having two heads.

Doubling. — The lining of a robe ; also the ermine on the robes
of Peers. The lining of a mantle on an achievement is blazoned
the doubling.

Double Tressure. — Two tressures, one within the other.

Dove. — The dove is generally represented in profile, and holding
an olive-branch in its bill.

Dovetail. — A system of counter-wedging. This is also one of
the divisional or partition lines.

Dragon. — One of the heraldic fabulous beasts and the emblem
of pestilence, represented with wings endorsed^ four legs, and a
serpent-like tail. It appears as a military ensign in the Bayeux
tapestry. A dragon without wings is called a Lindworm.

Dragon's Head. — One of the ancient terms in Heraldry for the
colour tawney.

Drago?t's Tail. — One of the ancient terms for the colour
murrey.

Drawing Iron. — An oblong instrument used by wire-drawers.

Ducal Coronet.— h. charge very commonly used in Heraldry
upon the necks of birds and animals, when such birds, &c., are said
to be ducally gorged. It also forms part of many crests — the heads
of birds, &c., issuing from it.

140

HERALDRY.

Duchess. — The wife of a Duke. She is styled “Your Grace/’
and is “Most Noble.”

Duciper. — See Cap of Maintena^ice.

Ducks. — See Camiets.

Duke. — The highest rank in the Peerage. The first Duke was
Edward the Black Prince, created Duke of Cornwall in 1337.

Dimg-Fork. — A three-pronged fork, generally borne hi pale.

Dunjeoned or Donjonne. — A castle having a smaller tower rising
from it.

Eagle. — The king of birds, and ranks highest amongst those
used in Heraldry. The eagle is generally borne displayed. The
eagle is the emblem of St. John; for this reason eagles of brass
were fixed on lecterns. The eagle is also an emblem of regal and
temporal power.

Eaglets. — Small eagles. When there are more than three eagles
on a field, they are always blazoned eaglets.

Eared. — Said of a sheaf of corn when the ears differ in tincture
from the stalks.

Earl. — The third degree in the British Peerage. Originally
there was no Earl but had a county or shire for his earldom ;
afterwards the number of Earls increasing, they took their title
from towns, villages, or illustrious families. The Earl’s coronet
is a circle of gold, rising into eight pyramidal points surmounted
by pearls, and which alternate with strawberry-leaves.

Earl Marshal. — The head or chief of the College of Arms,
which has jurisdiction in all matters relating to descents and pedi-
grees, decides claims to arms, and grants arms. The office of
Earl Marshal is held by the Duke of Norfolk, and it has been
hereditary in his family since the time of Charles II. The arms
of the Earl Marshal quarter the hereditary insignia of Howard,

GLOSSARY.

141

Brotherton, Warren, and Mowbray; and behind the shield,
crossed in saltire, are Ruo marshaVs staves or., enamelled at the ends,
sable.

Easter7i Crown. — See A7ttiqiie Crown.

Eclipsed. — Said of the sun or moon partially obscured.

Eel. — A fish, generally blazoned t7i pale.

Eel Basket. — The long wicker basket used by fishermen.

Eel Spear. — Originally represented as a three-pronged arrow-
pointed fork, but sometimes, later, as having five tines barbed
throughout.

Eightfoil. — Eight leaves issuing from a central ball ; sometimes
called a double quatrefoil.

Electoral Crow7i or Cap. — A scarlet cap turned up with ermine,
surmounted by a demi-circle of gold and pearls.

Elephant. — The animal of this name, sometimes borne with a
castle on its back.

Elevated. — Said of wings turned upwards.

E77ibattled or Battled. — One of the partition lines, formed like
ihe battlements of a castle.

E77ibordered. — Having a border.

E77ibotved or Elected. — Curved or bent. A sinister arm bent at
the elbow is blazoned endowed ; but a dexter arm, coimter-e77ibowed.

Embrued. — Having drops of blood upon or falling from it.

E77ierald. — In ancient blazon it signified vert.

E77i77iets or A7its. — These are generally borne in numbers above
eight.

E77iperor. — The highest title of sovereignty.

E7ialuron. — A border charged with eight eagles.

En Arrih'e. — Said of an animal, or other charge, borne with its
back to the spectator.

142

HERALDRY.

Endorse. — A diminutive of the pale, and containing one-fourth
part of it.

Endorsed. — Between two endorses.

Endorsed or Addorsed. — Placed back to back.

Enfiled. — Said of the head of an animal pierced with a sword.
E,nglante. — See Eructed.

Engoulee. — Pierced through the mouth.

Engrailed. — A divisional line formed of semicircular indents.
Engrossing Block. — An instrument used by wire-drawers.
Eiihanced. — Said of a charge placed above its usual position.
En7iianche. — See Manche.

Ensigned. — Adorned. The arms of Southwark are az.., a7i a7i-
7iulet ensigned with a cross patee, &^c.

Ente en Ro7id. — Similar to indented, but formed with curved
instead of straight lines.

E7itoyre. — A bordure charged with eight inanimate charges.
Entwhied by. — Tied together with.

• Enveloped. — Said of a snake tightly encircling a man or beast.
Environne. — Surrounded.

Epaulette. — A shoulder ornament; originally a badge of great
distinction, and, in later times, the universal decoration of officers
of the British army and navy.

Episcopal Staff. — See Crozier and Pastoral Staff.

Equipped. — Fully caparisoned.

Eradicated. — Violently torn up by the roots.

Erased or Arazed. — With a ragged edge ; the converse to couped.
Erect. — Placed upright.

Ermine. — White fur with black spots.

Er77iines. — A black fur with white spots.

Erminois. — A black fur with gold spots.

GLOSSARY.

143

Escallop or Escallop-Shell. — An indented shell. A badge belong-
ing to noble pilgrims. The emblem of the Apostle St. Tames the
Great.

Escarbuncle. — See Carbuncle. The earliest shield represented on
a monumental effigy bears this charge.

Escartele. — See Quarterly.

Esclatte. — Ragged, shattered, or forcibly broken.

Escroll. — See Scroll.

Escutcheon. — The shield upon which arms are depicted. This
word is sometimes used to express the whole coat of arms.

Escutcheon of Pretence. — An inner shield bearing the arms of a
wife being an heiress. This must not be confounded with escutch-
eons borne as charges. Sir John Hay, of Dunse Castle, bears arg..,
a yoke ppr. in chief, and in base, three escutcheons gu. When one
only is borne as a charge, it is blazoned an inescutcheo7t.

No. 228. — Hay.

Esqicire or Esqtiierre.— See Gyron.

Esquire. — Originally a title of the armour-bearer of a King or
noble ; now properly a title of honour above a gentleman and
below a knight. Those to whom this title is now, of right, due,
are all the younger sons of noblemen, the eldest sons of Baronets,
of Knights of the Garter and of the Bath, high sheriffs, justices of

144

HERALDRY.

the peace, barristers-at-law, lieutenant-colonels, majors, captains,
(See., during their commission.

Essomier. — A diminutive of the orle.

Estoile. — A star with six wavy rays. This differs from the mullet,
which consists of five plain rays.

Estoile of Eight Points. — When there are more than six rays, they
are alternately straight and wavy.

Evangelists'' E7nblems. — The emblems of the four Evangelists
are the angel^ the ivinged lion, the wmged ox, and the eagle.

Expanded IVmgs. — See Displayed.

Faggot. — A bundle of rough sticks represented as tied with a
cord.

Falchion. — A broad-bladed sword.

Falcon. — The bird of this name. A charge commonly inserted
in the arms of Edward IV.’s reign. If bells are attached to the
legs, mention must be made in the blazon.

Falcon a?id Fettadock. — The well-known badge of John of
Ghent.

Falcon and ScepFe. — One of the badges of Queen Elizabeth.

False Cross. — A cross voided.

False Escutcheo7i. — An orle voided.

False Roimdel. — -^n a7i7iulet.

Fan, Van, Scruttle, or Wt7i7iowing Va7i. — See latter.

Feathered or Flighted. — Said of an arrow made ready for flight.

Feathers, both singly and in plume, were much used in the
middle ages as crests.

Feathers, Ostrich. — The ostrich feather is the one usually borne
in heraldic devices. It sometimes is charged upon shields, and it
constantly appears as a favourite badge of the Plantagenets. The
shields that are placed about the monument of the Black Prince

GLOSSARY.

145

are alternately charged with his arms, and with f/iree ostrich feathers
upon a sable field. Each of these feathers has its quill piercing a
small scroll, bearing the words, Ich Die7i^^ (No. 229). In his will
(a.d. 1376), the Black Prince speaks of “our badges of ostrich
feathers ” (“ nos bages des plumes d’ostruce ; ”) and it is evident
that these feathers were held by the Prince in high esteem. In
Harl. MS., Fob 12, in the British Museum, it is recorded that
the white ostrich feather^ with its pen goldeft^ is the Kmg's; the
feather e7itirely white, or silver, is the Prince'' s ; the feather golden,
with its pen er772ine, is the Duke of Lancaster’s; a7id the feather
white, having its pen co77ipo7iy, is the Duke of Somerset’s.”

No. 229.— Black Prince.

Feathers, Panache, Phme of. — An upright plume formed of a
large number of feathers, generally the feathers of a cock or swan.
This is the crest of the De Mortimers, and it is beautifully
blazoned on their seals. The effigies of Sir Richard Pembridge,
K.G., at Hereford, Sir Robert de Marmion, at Tanfield, and of
Sir Thomas Arderne, at Elford — all of them about a.d. 1400 —
are good examples. The panache of Sir Edmund Thorpe
(a.d. 1418), at Ashwelthorpe, is formed of a plume of peacock’s
feathers ; and such is also the panache of Lord Ferrers, of

10

146

HERALDRY.

Chartley, a.d. 1425, at Merevale. Plumes of feathers are even
now much used by military officers.

Fem7ue. — The wife, as distinguished from the Baron, her hus~
ha7td. See Baron a?id Fe7)une.

Fer de Mouli7ie, or Millrmd. — The iron affixed to the centre of
a millstone. It is a modification of the cross 77ioline, which in a
Roll of Edward I. is styled a Fer-de-Moline. See also Milrmd.

Fer77iaile. — A buckle.

Ferr. — A horse-shoe.

Fess or Fesse. — One of the honorable ordinaries, supposed to
represent the girdle of honour ; part of the insignia of knighthood.
It contains a third part of the shield.

Fesse-pomt. — The centre of the shield.

Fesse-wise. — Placed like a fesse.

Fetterlock, Fetlock, or Shackbolt. — A shackle or lock. This seems
to have been an instrument attached to the leg of a horse, to
prevent his escape. The hoop of this instrument is sometimes
represented as a band of steel and sometimes as a chain.

Field. — The ground or foundation of the shield. Some ancient
writers say it is so called because it represents the field of battle
on which the charges or achievements are said to have been
gained.

Figured. —Represented as having a human face, such as the sun
or moon.

File. — See Label.

Fillet. — A diminutive of the chief, and containing one-fourth of
it. The chief, unlike other honourable ordinaries, has only one
diminutive.

Fi77ibriated. — Edged either of a metal, to avoid two tinctures
coming together, or of a tincture, to avoid the meeting of two

GLOSSARY.

147

metals. (No. 108, page 39.) In the Union Jack of England
the Cross of St. George appears with a narrow white border, which
is entitled a Fimbriation.

Finned. — Represented with fins.

Fire-ball or a Ball fired. — A bomb, having flames issuing from
the upper part of it.

Fire- Beacon. — An iron case containing a fire, set on the top of
a pole, against which a ladder is placed.

Firebrand. — See Brand.

Fish. — Fish of every variety are borne as heraldic charges ; but
when no particular variety is specified, and the creature is of small
size, the blazon simply states the charge to be “ a fish.” Fishes
are represented in fesse, naiant., in pale^ haurianl, nria7if., and
embowed. Fishes in general are emblems of chastity.

Fissure or Staff. — A diminutive of the bend sinister.

Fitchee. — Pointed at the lower end. It is supposed that the
early Christians made wooden crosses, and pointed one end, to
stick them into the ground for their devotions, and that hence the
Ci'oss fitchee.

Fitched. — See Fitchee.

Five-leaved Grass. — See Cmquefoil.

Flag. — A distinguishing ensign. The Flag carries the represen-
tation of arms exactly as a shield or coat does, and the same terms
that denote the parts and points of a shield are also applicable to
a Flag. In Flags, the depth from chief to base is entitled the
Hoist P and the le?igth from the point of suspension to the fore
extremity is distinguished as the Fly p which latter term also
denotes the fore extremity of any flag. Flags of a few different
colours and devices are used in the navy as a complete means of
communication. The plain white flag is received throughout the

10 — 2

148

HERALDRY.

world as a token of peace. The word “ flag ” may also include
Pennons^ Banners, Standards, Pendants, &c.

Flagon. — A covered cup. See Covered Cups.

Planches. — Segmental portions of the shield formed by two
curved lines or semicircles. G. Leigh says that on such two

flanches two sundry coats may be borne. (No. 75, page 31; No.

333, page 256.)

Flasques greatly resemble jlafiches, and by some writers are
considered to be the same ; but the circular lines are of a larger
radius, and do not extend so near the middle of the shield.
Folders, again, are similar, but extend still less into the shield.
Catherine Howard’s arms were — az., three fleurs-de-lis in pale,
or, between two flanches erm., each charged with a rose gu.

Flax-Breaker. — See Hemp-Hackle.

Fleam or Flegme. — A lancet.

Fleece or Golden Fleece. — A sheep’s skin hanging by a ring and

collar. There is a celebrated Order of Knighthood in Austria and

Spain called the Golden Fleece.

Flesh-Hook. — An instrument with three hooks, generally repre-
sented in pale, with handle m base.

Flesh-Pot. — A three-legged cauldron.

Fleur-de-lis. — A conventional lily. “ Ancient heralds,” says
Newton, “tell us that the Franks of old had a custom, at the
proclamation of their King, to elevate him upon a shield or target,
and place in his hand a reed or flag in blossom, instead of a sceptre,
and from thence the Kings of the first and second race in France
are represented with sceptres in their hands, like the flag with its
flower, and which flowers became the armorial figures of France.”
Many legendary tales have been told about the “blue banner with
golden fleur-de-lis,” but there can be little doubt that the Kings of

GLOSSARY.

149

France, from Clovis downwards, bore a field covered with golden
lilies, and that Charles VI. reduced the number to three, either
to symbolize the three different races of the Kings of France, or
the Blessed Trinity. Mr. Blanche supposes the origin of the
Fleur-de-lis, or Fleur-de-luce, to have been a I'ebiis, signifying the
“ Flower of Louis,” and adds that Clovis is the Frankish form of
the modern Louis, the C being dropped, as in Clothaire, Lothaire,

No. 230. No. 231. No. 232, No, 233.

etc.” The Fleur-de-lis appears in early Heraldry under several
modifications of its typical form. It was considered to be the
emblem of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and was in especial favour in
the middle ages with the designers of the inlaid pavement tiles
and other decorative ecclesiastical ornamentations. It forms one
of the figures of the diaper of the shield of Robert de Vere,
and it decorates the Royal Tressure of Scotland, in the shield
placed by Henry HI. or Edward I. in the Abbey of West-
minster. The counter-seal of the Dauphin Louis is a most inte-
resting early example of a French Royal shield, semee de its.
Edward HI. quartered the French shield semee de Us on his
great seal and in his arms. The Fleurs-de-lis were removed from
the English shield in 1801. To distinguish the early French
shield (No. 207, page 100, semee de US') from the modern one of
three fleurs-de-lis, the former is blazoned France ancient.

150

HERALDRY.

Eleury^ Flory, or Fleurettee. — Having the ends or sides termi-
nating with fleurs-de-lis.

Fleeted. — Bent. See Embowed.

Flexed. — Bent or embowed. •

Flighted. — Feathered. Said of an arrow feathered ready for
flight.

Flotaiit. — Floating or flying in the air. Said of a banner un-
furled.

Fly. — The length of a flag from the point of suspension to the
fore extremity.

Foliated. — Having cusps, and being formed like a leaf or leaves.

Forcene. — Said of a horse standing on its hind-legs.

Formee. — See Patee.

Forest-Bill. — See Wood-Bill.

Fountain. — One of the rotmdels formed of six alternate wavy
lines ar. and az.., or more properly barty wavy of six. The Foun-
tain is represented flat.

Fourchee. — Divided into two parts towards the extremity.

Fox. — The emblem of deceit, cunning, and rapacity.

Fr acted. — Broken.

Praises. — Strawberry-leaves.

Fraternities of Honour. — Orders of Knighthood.

Frame-Saw.. — A saw fixed in an oblong frame, and having a
handle at each end.

Fresnee. — Rearing up on the hind-legs.

Frette. — A saltire and mascle interlaced. It was borne by the
De Spencers, and still appears in the arms of Earl Spencer.
When the interlacing bars of a frette are repeated, so as to cover
the field either of the shield or of any charge, such a field is said
to be f7'ettce.

GLOSSARY.

151

R'reffe T^'iangiilar. — Three semicircles interlaced.

Fretted. — Interlaced.

Fretty or Frette. — When the entire field is covered with inter-
facings bendways. (No. 126, page 47.)

Fructed. — Fruited, or bearing fruit. Said of trees when their
fruit is of a different colour from the tree.

Fumajit. — Emitting smoke.

Furnished. — Equipped.

Fur. — Furs were used in coat armour for covering the shields,
and for the linings and doublings of mantlings in achievements. The
princiiDal heraldic furs are Eri7iine, Erruines., Erminois^ and Vair.

Fusil. — An elongated lozenge. (No. 73, page 29.)

Fusilly. — When the shield is covered with fusils.

Fylot or Fylfot. — A description of cross, with the ends or
extremities bent at right angles. (No. 234.) This figure appears
upon the mitre of Thomas a Becket, on the shield-belt of Sir
John D’Ahbernoun, a.d. 1277, and upon many other monuments.
Reference is made to this figure in “ Notes and Queries,” Third
Series, V. 458, 524; and VI. 51, 96, 135.

Gad-Fly or Gad-Bee. — The summer horse-fly, generally repre-
sented volant.

152

HERALDRY.

Gads. — Oblong curved plates of metal. Small spikes proj ecting
from the knuckles of mediaeval gauntlets.

Gadlyngs'. — See Gads.

Galley or Lymphad. — An ancient ship having one mast, but
also propelled by oars. It is blazoned with its sails furled and
with its colours flying. The galley is the insignia of the lordship
of Lorne (No. 235).

Gal-Traps or Galthraps. — See Caltraps,

Game Cock. — See Cock.

Gamb or Jame. — The whole fore-leg of a beast.

Garb. — A wheat-sheaf. When of any other grain, it must be
signified. The arms of the Prince of Wales as Earl of Chester
are az.y three garbs or.

Gardanf. — See Guardant.

Gardebras or Garbraille. — The elbow-piece of a suit of armour.
Garla?id. — A wreath or chaplet.

Garnished. — Decorated. This term is used to express the orna-
ment set on any charge.

Garter^ Order of the. — This Order was instituted by King Ed-
ward III., and is one of the most famous European Orders. Sel-
DEN says “it exceeds in majesty, honour, and fame all chivalrous

GLOSSARY.

153

Orders in the world.” The emblem of the order is a blue ribbon,
bearing the well-known motto, “ Honi soit qid mal y pense^"' in gold
letters, with a buckle and pendant of gold. The mantle is of blue
velvet, lined with white.

Garter King-of-Arjus. — The principal King-of-Arms in England.
His duty is to attend upon knights at their installation, and to
grant and confirm arms under the Earl Marshal. The official arms
of Garter are arg.^ the Cross of St. George; on a chief az., a ducal
coronet e7icircled with a garter of the order ^ between a lioii of England
and a fleur-de-lis, all or.

Garter-Plate. — See St all- Plate.

Gauntlet. — A glove of mail. This must be blazoned dexter or
sinister.

Gaze. — The same as guardant, but applied to animals of the
chase.

G.C.B. — (Knight) Grand Cross of the Bath.

G.C.H. — (Knight) Grand Cross of Hanover.

G.C.M.G. — (Knight) Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George.

Ged. — See Pike.

Ganel. — See Bar-Gemel.

Genet. — An Order of Knighthood.

Getiet. — A small animal like a fox.

Ge?itlenia7i. — The title next below an esquire. “ Ordinarily, the
King doth only make knights and create barons, or higher degrees.
As iox gentlemeit, they be made good cheap in this kingdom; for
whosoever studieth the laws of the realm, who studieth in the Uni-
versities, who professeth the liberal sciences, and who can live idly
and without manual labour, and will bear the post, charge, and
countenance of a gentleman, he shall be called ‘ master,’ for that
is the title which men give to esquires and other gentlemen, and

154

HERALDRY.

shall be taken for a gentleman.” — “ Commonwealth of Eng-
land.”

George Badge. — The badge of the Order of the Garter. The figure
of St. George on horseback piercing the dragon.

George, St., Banner of. — A white banner with a red cross. In
the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, all English soldiers wore the
red cross of St. George over their armour. St. George is the patron
saint of England, and the St. George banner was the national
banner until the incorporation of the banners of St. Patrick and
St. Andrew, which formed the Union Jack.

Gerated. — Powdered.

Gerrattyng. — The ancient practice of powdering shields for diffe-
rence is described in the “ Poke of St. Albans” (printed i486) under
the title of “ Gerattyng.”

Gilly-Flower. — A species of carnation.

Gini77iel Ri7ig. — Two annulets interlaced.

Gi7'f in Heraldry, signifies the young of the roe in its second year.

Girt or Girdled. — Bound round any object.

Gi7'07i7ie. — See Gy7'on7iy.

Gliding. — Said of snakes when represented moving forward.

Globes Terrestrial. — Borne in his arms by Sir H. I^ryden.
Globes are also borne broke7i or fracted by the families of Hope
and Hopetoun.

Glorious Vi7gi7i. — An Order of Knighthood in Venice.

Glory. — Issuing rays. The circle of rays which surround the
head of a saint.

Glove. — Falconer’s gloves are sometimes used as charges.

Goat. — The animal of this name.

Golmiy. — See Conipo7iy. A gobonated bordure is often carried
instead of the bastard bar or bar sinister.

GLOSSARY.

155

Gold. — One of the heraldic metals, blazoned or.

Golden Fleece. — A celebrated Order of Knighthood in Austria and
Spain. It was established in the year 1429 by Philip the Good,
Duke of Burgundy. Both Austria and Spain claim to exercise
the privileges of this Order.

Golpe (sometimes called a Wound). — A purple roundel.

Go7ifaiinon. — A pointed pendant banner richly fringed and em-
broidered, used in processions in the Catholic Church.

Gorge or Gurge. — A charge supposed to indicate a whirlpool.

Gorged. — Having a collar round the neck.

‘Gorget. — Neck armour.

Goshawk. — A kind of hawk.

Gouttee. — See Gut le.

Gradient. — Walking , a[jplied to the tortoise.

Grafted. — Inserted and fixed in. Said of that part of a shield
which is inserted into the other as one of the quarterings.

Grain Ft'ce. — A crest borne by the Dyers’ Company.

Grappling Iron. — A four-armed anchor. In Heraldry always
represented in perspective.

■ Grasshopper.— pi\\Q crest of Sir Thomas Gresham, the founder
of the Royal Exchange. This crest surmounts the pinnacle of the
present building.

Grater. — A glazier’s tool.

Greyhound. — Generally borne courant.

Grice. — A young wild boar.

Gridiron. — This is borne with handle in base.

Gideces or Degrees. — Steps.

Griffin or Gryfin, anciently gryphon. — A fabulous beast which
combines the bodily attributes of the lion and the eagle. The
Griffin, like the lion, is borne passant, &c. ; but when erect end

56

HERALDRY,

with wings expanded, it is blazoned segreant. Griffins are fre-
quently borne as supporters; they are sometimes wingless^ as in
the arms of the Marquis of Ormonde. When this monster has
two horns, it is blazoned a male griffin.

Guardant. — Looking towards the spectator. This term applies
to beasts of prey.

Guard. — An old heraldic term for doubling.

Guige — A shield-belt.

Gules or Gu. — The colour red^ expressed in engravings by per-
pendicular lines.

Gi^ ns tone. — See Pellet.

Gitrge. — A whirlpool.

Gussets. — Portions of the sides of the shield. Ancient abate*
ments of honour.

Guttee or Gouttee, from the Latin gutta^ a drop, signifies in
Heraldry a field covered or sprinkled with drops. These drops
may be of different tinctures, and they must be distinguished in
blazoning them by using the various affixes^ as follows :

Or.

Guttee d'or . .

, sprinkled with gold.

Arg.

Guttee d'eau

• »

„ water.

Gu.

Guttee dll sang .

• »

„ blood. (No. 237.)

Az.

Guttee de larmes

tears.

Vert.

0

d' olive „

„ oil.

Sa.

Guttee de poix .

• )>

„ pitch.

No. 237.

No. 238.

GLOSSARY.

57

Not only the field of the shield, but the field of any charge can be
giittee. The arms of John Feld, emblazoned upon his tabard and
also on his shield (in his brass at Standon, Herts), are — git., a
fesse or, between three eagles displayed, arg. guttees du sang. (No.
187, page 69.)

' Guttee reversed. — Is when the drops have their natural position
inverted. (No. 238.)

Guze. — A roundlet of the now obsolete tincture murrey or san-
guine.

Gyron. — An ordinary, composed of two lines issuing from the
dexter chief point, and meeting in an acute angle at the fesse
point. (No. 68, page 29.)

Gyronny or Gironnee. — A field divided into several parts or
gyrons. If there be six gyrons, it is blazoned gyronny of six.
Nisbet, in speaking of the paternal ensign of Campbell, says, “It
is composed of the four principal partition lines, parti, coupe,
traunche, taille, which divide the field into eight gironal segments,
ordinarily blazoned with us— girony of eight, or, and sable.”

Habergeon. — A jacket without sleeves, composed of chain mail ;
but in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries a Habergeon of plate
armour was worn over the hauberk.

Habick or Habeck. — A cloth-dressing tool, borne in the arms of
the Clothiers’ Company.

Habited. — Clothed.

Hackle. — See Hemp-brake.

Hake-Fish. — A fish similar to the cod.

Halbert. — An ancient weapon in use from the time of Henry
VI II. to the last century, and now sometimes used at certain
ceremonials.

Halk-spear, — A short-handled spear.

158

HERALDRY,

Hames or Heames. — Part of a horse’s harness ; a badge of the
family of St. John.

Hammer or Martel. — An early charge. The hammer is borne
by the Plasterers’ Company ; and it is also borne, ducally crowiied,
in the arms of the Blacksmiths’ Company.

Hand. — I'his charge is variously borne in Armoury. It must be
so blazoned as to define the position, &c. — whether the dexter^ or
the sinister., or erect, or grasping some object. An open hand is
said to be appanmee. The Badge of Ulster is blazoned arg.,
a sinister hand, coiiped at the wrist and erect, gu.

Hare. — The animal of this name, generally borne courant.

Harington Knot. — A cabled frette.

Harp. — The musical instrument of this name, headed with the
upper part of a winged angel — this was originally called a Welsh
harp. It is the national device of Ireland, and it is borne in the
Irish quarter of the Royal arms of Great Britain.

Harpoon. — The points or spears of this charge are generally
borne m base.

Harpy. — A fabulous heraldic creature, represented as a vulture
with a woman’s head and neck.

Hai't. — A stag of six years, or of full growth, with branching
horns. The female, without horns, is a hind. A Hart is part of
the crest for Ireland.

Hatchet. — An early charge. In the thirteenth century, William
De Hursthelve bore az., three hatchets arg.

Hatchment. — The armorial bearings of a deceased person, usually
placed on the front of a house, whereby may be known what rank
the deceased was of when living. When a Hatchment is erected
on the death of a husband, the dexter half of the field of the
Hatchment itself is sable, and the sinister, argent. On the death

GLOSSARY.

159

of a wife, this order of the tinctures is reversed. When a Hatch-
ment bears the arms of a widower, widow, or unmarried person, the
whole of its field is sable.

Hauberk. — A coat of mail, sometimes reaching up to the neck,
and sometimes so as to form a coif.

Hawda7it. — Paleways or iii pale, and having the head in chief.
Applied to a fish as if rising to the surface for breathing. It is the
converse of Utdant.

Hause or Hausse. — Enhanced. Placed higher than its customary
position.

Hawk. — A bold and courageous bird of prey, which frequently
appears in Heraldry. It is blazoned as belled, jessed, and varvelled
(varvels are small rings attached to the end of the jesses).

HawYs-lure. — A decoy used by falconers, and composed of
two wings, with their tips downwards, joined with a line and ring.

Hawk's Bells. — Bells for attaching to hawks’ legs.

Hawk's Jesses, are leathern thongs for attaching the bells.

Hayfork. — See Shakefork.

Hazel-leaves. — Borne by the family of Hazelrigg.

Head. — A head must be so blazoned that its position may be
understood.

Heames. — See Hames.

Healme, Heaume, or Helme. — Defensive armour for the head.
See chapter on Helms. .

Heart or Hirman Heart. — This charge is sometimes borne in
coat armour, and it is frequently blazoned a body heart. The
Douglas badge is, a huma7i heart gules.

Hedgehogs are borne passa7it, with quills elevated.

Heighte7ied. — Having a decorative accessory or another charge,
placed above or higher in the field.

i6o

HERALDRY.

Helmet. — See Healme.

Hemp-brake or Hackle. — An instrument for bruising hemp;
borne by Sir Geo. Hampson, Bart. (Nos. 239 and 240, drawn from
ancient examples.)

No. 239. No. 240.

Hen and Chickens, an emblem of God’s providence.

Hcneage Kfiot. — The device used as a badge by the family of
this name.

Herald. — An officer whose duty is to marshal processions, super-
intend ceremonies, and regulate armorial bearings. The office of
Herald is probably coeval with coat armour. In England, there are
six Heralds, viz. : Windsor, Chester, Richmond, Somerset, York, and
Lancaster. In Scotland, the principal heraldic officer is Lyon
King-at-Arms ; and there are six Heralds.

Heroiis Head. — The crest of Beckford is a heroris head erased
or, go?'ged with a collar jleitrie gu., in the beak a fish arg.

Hcrse. — An iron framework, with spikes to hold candles, used
at funeral ceremonies ; originally very simple in form, but of beau-
tiful workmanship in the fifteenth century. In the seventeenth century
it lost all elegance of form, and afterwards degenerated into the hide-
ous hearse of the present day. The ancient herse was covered with
heraldic devices, and bearings of the deceased. The Society of
Antiquaries, in the “ Monumenta Vestusta,” has engraved four

GLOSSARY.

i6i

plates, illustrating this. At the funeral of Queen Mary, in West-
minster Abbey, there were “ on the same hersse many skochiones
in metall, with many small skochiones of wax. . . . Under

the said great skochiones, went a valence of taffeta, a quarter of a
yard depe, wrythen with lettres of gold, dieu et mon droit, and
armes in the same.”

Highness. — A princely title of honour. Until the time of Henry
VIII., “Your Highness” was used in addressing the Sovereign.

Hill and Hillock. — A green mound. One is blazoned a hill ;
when two or more, the term hillock is used.

Hilted. — Having a handle.

Hind. — The female stag, without horns.

Hh'ondelle. — A swallow.

Hoist. — The depth of a flag, from chief to base.

Holy Lamb. — A lamb having a circle over its head, and holding
a banner.

Holy Sepulchre (Knights of the). — An Order of Knighthood of
very early date, and reconstructed in 1814.

Honour Point. — That part of the shield next above the centre.

Honourable Ordinaries. — The nine principal ordinaries (see
chapter on Ordinaries).

Hooded. — Having the head covered with a coif ox hood.

Hoofed. — Having hoofs of a tincture different from the body.

Horned. — Having horns of any particular tincture.

Horse. — The horse is borne passant^ co^lrant, Slq,. The white
horse in the arms of the County of Kent is said to be one of the
oldest heraldic devices.

Horseshoes are generally borne with the ends turned up, and
placed in base. This charge is borne in the arms of the Ferrers,
Earls of Derby.

11

i62

HERALDRY.

Hound. — Yht bloodhotmd, which is generally represented on scent.

Humctte. — An ordinary couped., so that it does not extend to the
outer line of the shield. This term is seldom applied to any
ordinary but the fesse.

Hunting-Horn. — A slightly-curved horn, generally borne pale-
7vays. There is also the Bugle-Horn^ which is of a semicircular
form.

Hurst. — A clump of trees.

Hurte or Huert. — An azure roundel.

Hurtec. — Semee of hurtes.

Hydra. — A fabulous heraldic animal, represented by a dragon
with many heads.

Ibex.-^Oxi^ of the heraldic beasts (similar to the heraldic ante-
lope), with two straight serrated horns projecting from the forehead.

Icicle. — Similar to Gutte, but with more elongated drops.

Imbattled. — See Embattled.

Imbrued. — Bloody, or dropping with blood.

Impaling. — Arranging two coats of arms side by side in one
shield.

Imperial Croiun. — A mitre-like crown, properly that of the
Emperor of Germany. Imperial Crown is now the correct term
for all kingly crowns.

Imperially Crowned. — Surmounted by the crown of England. ,

In Base. — At the bottom of the .shield.

In Bend. — Set bend-wise.

In Chevron. — In the form of a chevron.

In Chief. — Set in the chief.

In Cross. — Arranged in the form of a cross.

In Eesse.—Vlsiced fesse-wise.

In Foliage. — Bearing leaves.

GLOSSARY.

63

In Glory —k. term applied to the sun when surrounded by rays.

In Lure. — Two wings conjoined, with their tips in base.

In Pale. — In the direction of a pale.

In Pile. — Arranged in the form of a pile.

In Pride. — Said of a peacock or other ornamental bird having
its tail displayed or spread.

In Saltire. — Placed in the form of a saltire.

In Splendour. — See In Glory.

Increment. — See Increscent.

Increscent. — When the points of a crescent are both on the
dexter side.

Indorsed or Addorsed. — Placed back to back.

Indented. — Having a serrated line. This is one of the partition
lines, and is similar to dancette, but has smaller notches.

Indian Goat. — A goat with horns very much curved, and with
ears like those of the talbot.

Inescutcheon. — A small shield in the fesse point or in the chief,
to hold the arms of Ulster for the distinction of Baronets. When
there are more than one they are called Escutcheons. The
Inescutcheon must not be mistaken for the shield of pretence.

Infamed or Defamed. — Without a tail, the loss being supposed
to defame or disgrace the lion or other animal.

Inflamed. — With fire issuing.

Ingrailed. — See Engrailed.

Inkliorn or Penner and Inkhorn. — The usual emblems of a
notary, a pen-case and vessel containing ink, as they were carried
in the middle ages by notaries, appended to their girdles. The
penner and inkhorn are represented on two brasses of notaries
A.D. 1475 1566 in the church of St. Mary Tower, Ipswich.

Ink Moline. — See Millrind.

11 — 2

164

HERALDRY,

Literlaced, — Laced or linked together.

Invected. — The converse of engrailed.

Inverted, — Said of wings when turned downwards.

Irradiated, — Illuminated, or decorated, with rays or beams of
light.

Isabella the Catholic, — A Spanish Order of Knighthood, founded
in 1815.

Issuant, — Issuing from the bottom of a chief.

Jamb or Gamb, — The paw, and part of the leg, of the lion or
other animal.

Janies, St, — A Dutch Order of Knighthood.

Januarius, St, — An Order of Knighthood, founded by Chas. III.
of Spain.

lavelin, — A barbed dart.

Jellop, — The comb of a cock, &c.

Jessant, — Rising or issuing from the middle of a fesse.

Jessant-delis. — When a fleur-de-lis issues from any object ; for
example, a leopard's head jessant-de-lis. Some writers are of opinion
that the head of a leopard, in this case, should be reversed, but
the reason for their opinion is not apparent.

Jessed, — Said of a hawk when the jesses or straps of leather by
which the bells are attached to its legs, are of a different tincture
from the bird.

Jesses, — Small leather straps, or thongs.

John, St., oj Jerusalem, — The most celebrated of all the military
and religious Orders of Knighthood of the middle ages. The
knights were afterwards called Knights of Malta.

Joinant, — See Conjoined.

Jousts, — Exercises of arms.

K,B, — Knight of the Bath.

GLOSSARY

165

K.C.B. — Knight Commander of tlie Bath.

K.C.H. — Knight Commander of the Order of Hanover.

Key. — The emblem of St. Peter. Keys are frequently borne in
the arms of ecclesiastical corporations dedicated to St. Peter.
When borne singly they are generally in pale, with wards in chief.

Kings-of-Arnis. — The principal heraldic officers of the College
of Arms ; these are three in number : Gai'ter, Clarenceux, and
Norroy ; of these, Garter is the chief, and Clarenceux and Norroy
have jurisdiction severally to the soutli and north of the Trent.
Inhere is also, for Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, Bath, Lyon, and
Ulster.

Knights. — See chapter on Orders of Knighthood.

Knots. — Heraldic badges, borne by different families ; they are
composed of twisted silk cord, tied in different ways.

jMbel or File. — A brizure, or figure of three points, used as a
mark of cadency, to distinguish the eldest son during the lifetime
of his father.

Lacy Knot. — See Knots.

Lambrequin or Mantling. — A small mantle, generally of crimson
velvet or silk, lined with ermine, with tassels attached to the
basinet or helm, and hanging down over th.e shoulders of the
wearer. In Heraldry, the mantling is often so adjusted that it
forms a background for the shield and its accessories ; and thus
with them it constitutes an achievement of arms, or, it simply hangs
in such a manner as to cover the back of tlie helm.

Laminated or Scaled. — Having scales.

Lampassc. — See Langued.

Lancaster LLerald. — One of the six heralds of the College of
Arms.

Lancaster Rose. — A conventional red rose.

i66

HERALDRY.

Langued. — Said of an animal when the tincture of the tongue
differs from the body. All beasts and birds are langued gu., unles
the beast or bird be itself gu., or the blazon directs otherwise.

Laurel-leaves are borne with the point of the leaf in chief.

Leash. — A strap or coupling.

Leashed. — Said of greyhounds when coupled at the collars.

Leather Bottle. — The ancient oblong-shaped bottle.

Leaves. — The leaf or leaves, or the branches of any tree or plant,
must be specified and described in the blazon. Hazel-leaves are
borne by Hazelrigg ; oak-branches by Okstead and Oakes ;
strawbej'ry-leaves (or f raises) by Frazer ; law'el-leavcs by Leveson
(No. 241).

Legged or Memhered. — Said of the legs of a bird when they are
of a different tincture from the body.

Legion of Honour. — A French Order, both civil and military. It
was instituted in the year 1802, by the French Republic. The
Order comprehends Knights of the Grand Eagle,” “ Grand
Officers,” “ Commanders,” and “ Legionaries.” The Bourbons
remodelled the order, and displaced the “Grand Eagle,” and sub-
stituted “Grand Cross,” and “Knights” replaced the “Legionaries.”
The Order has since undergone many changes.

Legs are often borne in coat armour, and must be blazoned with

GLOSSARY

167

great care. They are sometimes borne couped ( oj' erased )at the thigh,
in armour, booted, and naked. The knee is always represented emhowed.
Three legs in armour, conjoined in the fesse point at the upper
part of the thighs, spurred and garnished, forms the insignia of the
Kingdom of Man. Legs of horses, lions, &c., are often borne as
crests. The entire leg of a lion is a lions jambe or ga?nbe.. If
the limb be cut off at or below the middle joint, it is termed dipaic.

Leopards. — The position of leopards is expressed by the same
terms as tliose used for lions. When a leopard’s head appears
without part of the neck, it is blazoned a leopard's face. “ Leopard,”
anciently, was the blazon for tire lion passant or passant guardant,
and this method of blazon is still adhered to by soirie foreign
heralds. Sonre heralds describe the leopard as the issue of the
pard and lioness, and they assign the unproductiveness of such
hybrids as a reason for its frequent adoption in the arms of abbots
and abbesses. It has been very keenly contested whether the
three animals in the Royal arms of England were originally lions
or leopards. It is a great argument in favour of the belief of the
substitution of the lion for the leopard, that the leopard has dis-
appeared from English Heraldry, but that the face and head of
the leopard have remained.

Letters of the Alphabet. — These are frecpiently employed as
charges. The particular text or character of the letter must be
described.

Lieutenant (from Locum-tenens). — A representative officer.

Lily -pot. — See Covered Cup.

Lily. — The emblem of the Blessed Virgin ; frequently borne in
coat armour, representing purity and chastity.

Limbeck or Aleinbick. — A still; generally represented in an
antique form.

i68

HERALDRY.

Lines of Partition are the various dividing and border lines,
in addition to simple right lines and curves. These are illustrated
in another part of this work.

Lion. — A Royal symbol. In Heraldry, the king of beasts. See
chapter on the Heraldry of the Lion.

LJon^ Dcnii. — In a ‘‘ demi-lion ” the tail, although separate from
the body, is represented.

Lion's Jambe or Ganibc. — The whole fore-leg of a lion.

Lioncels. — A field of lions. A term used when more than three
lions occur on a shield.

LJned. — Having cords or chains attached ; also having an inside
lining.

Lists. — Enclosed spaces for holding tournaments.

Livery Colours. — Colours adopted by families for the dress of
their servants; these should properly be of the chief colours of
the family arms. Colours were originally adopted by certain
eminent personages for various decorative uses : as scarlet and
7c>liite, by the Plantagenets ; blue and 7i>liitc, by the Lancastrians ;
blue and crimson^ by the House of York : udiitc and green, by the
Tudors, &c., &c.

Lizard. — A beast resembling a wild cat.

Lizard. — The reptiles of this name are generally blazoned veid.

Lobster. — Always represented wdth claws in chief.

Lochabar Axe. — An axe with a broad blade and long handle.

Lodged. — A term applied to a stag, or other beast of the chase,
as coiichant applies to the lion.

Lozenge. — A four-sided diamond-shaped figure.

Lozengy. — Covered with or composed of lozenges; that is, a
field divided by diagonal lines crossing at intervals, and forming a
diamond pattern.

GLOSSARY.

169

Luce. — The fish called a pike. In the first scene of Shakspeare’s
'' Merry Wives of Windsor,” Slender says : ‘‘ They may give the
dozen udiite luces in their coatl' The “ dozen white luces ” apply
to the arms of the Lucy family. (No. 242 is
the seal of Sir Thomas Lucy, of Charlecote
■ — three white luces interlaced.)

Lima. — The ancient blazon for argent.

Lure. — See LLawllsdure.

Lymphad. — An ancient galley, with one
mast, and a sail furled, and propelled by oars.

This charge is borne by the Lords of Lorne.

Lyon. — The King-of-Arms for Scotland,
whose title is derived from the lion in the
Royal shield. Originally he was styled Lord
I.yon. Nisbet says he has precedence of ail
knights and gentlemen other than State offi-
cers. Lyon ranks next to Garter.

Lyon Court. — The Herald’s Court presided over by Lyon, and
composed of six Heralds and six Pursuivants.

Mace. — An ensign of authority ; originally a spiked metal-
headed staff.

Macers. — Officers of the Supreme Courts in Scotland.

Maideds Head. — The head, neck, and shoulders of a woman,
generally crowned and wreathed. Katherine Parr had for a
badge a 7naiden's head, rising from a hvge Tudor rose.

Afaintenance, Cap of. — See Cap of Maintenance. Sir John
Fearne says : “The wearing of the cap had a beginning from the
duke or general of an army, who, having gotten victory, caused
the chiefest of the subdued enemies, whom he led, to follow him
in his triumph, bearing his cap after him, in token of subjection
and captivity.”

J ' ^ ^

HERALDRY.

770

Male Gryphon. — See G7'iffiu.

Maltese Cross. — A cross having eight points. The Maltese
Cross is worn as a decoration by several Orders of Knighthood.

Manacles or Shackles. — Ancient handcuffs.

Manch. — See Maun die.

Maned. — Said of an animal when the mane differs in tincture
from the body.

Man’s Head, is variously represented, viz., in profile, affrontc,
IsQ.., &c.

Mantle. — A long and flowing robe, worn in the middle ages
over the armour. The mantle also constitutes an important part
of the official insignia of the Knightly Orders.

Mantle of Ladies. — A garment worn in the middle ages by
ladies of rank. I'hese were often decorated with heraldic charges,
generally the impaled arms of the lady and her husband.

Mantling. — The decorative ornament attached to the helmet,
and hanging down behind the escutcheon in an achievement. It
is sometimes intended to represent the mantle or robe of estate,
and then the arms or bearings of the shield are generally embroi-
dered on it ; but when it represents the scarf called the cointise,
or contoise, it is depicted as ragged, with the torn ends twisted
into ornamental scrolls. It is not clear whether the cointise and
contoise did not refer to two different scarfs — the former to that
worn round the waist and over the shoulder, and the latter to that
attached to the helm.

Man-Tiger. — A fabulous heraldic monster, with the body of a
lion and the head of a man, having horns on the head.

Marcassin. — A young wild boar, represented as having its tail
hanging down.

Mark of Cadency. — That heraldic distinction of the several

CLOSSA/^V.

171

members of the same family, or of the collateral branches of the
same house, which is indicated by some device specially adopted
and borne for that purpose.

Marquess. — The second rank in the British Peerage. This title
was originally given to commanders on the sea-coast or frontiers
of countries, but in the time of Richard II. it became honorary.

Marquess' Coronet, is formed of a circle or band of gold, with
four strawberry or oak-leaves, with as many pearls alternating,
slightly raised on pyramidal points. In representations hvo of the
pearls and three of the leaves are seen. The cap is of crimson
velvet, with a golden tassel, and guarded with ermine.

Marshal of England. — See Earl Marshal.

Marshalling. — The disposition and arrangement of heraldic
compositions. Marshalling is more fully explained in another part
of this work.

Mai'S. — The ancient blazon iox gules or red.

Martel. — See Hammer.

Martlet. — The heraldic swallow, always represented without legs
and with long wings. In the early representations it is represented
with legs. In cadency, the Martlet is the difference of the fourth
son.

Mascle. — A lozenge voided or perforated. In early Heraldry
the lozenge and mascle were probably one.

Masculy. — Composed of mascles. A shield divided into lozenge-
shaped compartments, having the centres voided, and of alternate
tinctures.

Masoned. — Said of a castle, &c., when the divisional lines of
the brickwork or stonework are represented.

Master of Ceremonies. — An office originally instituted for the
reception of distinguished persons at the Court of England. It

172

HERALDRY.

is now extended to the president or regulator of ordinary assem-
blies.

Maiinche. — A sleeve, having long hanging ends, worn about the
time of Henry I. by English gentlewomen (Nos. 243 to 246).

No. 243. No. 244. No. 245. No. 246.

Mayor. — The chief magistrate of a city or corporate town. The
Mayors of London, York, and Dublin are styled “Lord Mayor,”
and the first has borne the title of Right Honourable since the
year 1354.

ALedals. — Honourable insignia bestowed oy the Sovereign for
eminent worth, generally for naval or military services. Ancient
medals bear the portrait of princely personages only, but after the
fifteenth century this custom was discontinued. Medals generally
have ribbons attached, and sometimes small bars or clasps bearing
the name of a particular action in a campaign.

Mcdjidie. — A Turkish Order, instituted in 1852.

Manbercd. — Said of the beak and legs of any bird v.’hen they are
of a different tincture from the body

Merchants' Marhs. — Devices adopted by the merchants and
traders of the middle ages (Nos. 247 and 248).

Mercury. — The ancient blazon for purpure or purple.

Merlette. — See Afartlet.

Merlion. — See Martlet.

CLOSSAR}'.

173

Mermaid. — A fabulous being, half woman and half fish. The
mermaid is a badge of the Berkeleys ; it was the dexter supporter
of Sir Walter Scott; and the supporters of Viscount Boyne
are mermaids. Lord Berkeley, in his brass at Wotton-under-Edge,
A.D. 1392, wears a collar of mermaids (No. 249) over his camail.

Merman. — A sea-man or Triton.

Mesne Lord. — An old title given to a lord who was subject to
another lord.

Metals. — The metals in Heraldry are two — viz., gold and silver
— or and argent; the former represents yellow, and the latter
white. Gold is represented in engraving by dots, and silver by
the absence of lines or dots.

Middle Base. — That part of the shield close to the lower point.

Middle Chief. — The upper central part of the shield.

Mill-fick. — An instrument of the pickaxe description, used for
dressing millstones.

No. 247.

No. 248.

No. 249. — Collar of IMermaids.

174

HERALDRY.

Millrind or Millrinc. — The iron which is fixed in the centre of
a millstone (Nos. 250 to 253).

Millstone. — Generally represented charged with a millrind. When
the lines of the stone are of a dhferent tincture, they must be
blazoned picked of such a tincture.

Miniver. — A white fur used in Peers’ robes.

Mirror. — Always represented framed and with a handle.

Mitre. — A crown or cap of Bishops and Abbots. In England,
since the Reformation, the mitre has not been worn by Bishops
upon their heads, but it is painted on their carriages, and other-
wise variously borne. The pastoral staff of the Bishop is again
coming into use, and probably the mitre will again be used for the
purpose it was originally intended.

Afoline. — A cross, terminating like a millrind.

■ Monarch. — The chief ruling power of a community. The title
of Monarch is sometimes hereditary, and sometimes conferred
after election, as in the case of the Pope.

Monogram. — A single initial or other letter, also a combination

Montem Custom. — A triennial procession
No. 254.— Monogram and at Eton College, discontinued about thirty

Collar of SS of John Ba-

of several initials or letters, arranged as to
form a single compound device. In the
church of St. Mary, at Bury St. Edmunds,

the ceiling of the eastern compartment of
the south aisle, once the chantry of John
Jr Baret, is richly painted and diapered with
beautifully drawn collars of SS, each collar
enclosing the monogram of this zealous
Lancastrian, I. B.

RET, Bury St. Edmunds. ycarS agO. '

GLOSSARY.

175

Moon. — The moon is variously borne in Heraldry. She is said
to be in het' complement., or in plentitude, when at the full ; she is
a crescent when her horns point toward the chief. She is decrescent
when her horns point to the sinister, and increscent, or in increment,
when her horns point to the dexter.

Moor Cock. — The male of the black game.

Moor's Head. — The heraldic term for the head of a negro man.
This charge is generally placed in profile, and wreathed about the
forehead.

Morion. — A steel cap worn by a man-at-arms. It has neither
visor nor beaver.

Morse. — A clasp, usually encircled with varied ornamentation.

Morse. — See Sea-Lion.

Mortar. — See Pestle and Mortar.

Moi'tier. — A cap of estate.

Mortcours. — Funeral lamps, borne in the arms of the Wax-
chandlers’ Company.

Motto. — A word or sentence which accompanies a coat of arms
or badge. Mottoes originally belonged to the badge, and when
there was no badge, to the crest. In battle, the motto or 77iot was
used as a war-cry ; it generally bore reference to the family name,
the badge, or crest, or to some charge on the shield. The motto
of the Nevilles is, “Ne vile veils;” that of Vernon, Ver non
semper viret.” These two instances may be classed with punning
mottoes. Some mottoes take the form of a prayer.

Mound. — The ball or globe surmounting a crown. This ball or
globe is represented bearing a cross, generally a c7'oss pattee. The
seal of William the Conqueror represents a crown surmounted
by a mound.

Mullet or AA?/Zf/. — Supposed by some writers to have had its

176

HERALDRY.

origin in the rowel of a spur ; but this can scarcely be so, as the
Mullet appears before the introduction of spurs. It has five points,
and is sometimes pierced or voided, but when so, it is generally
described as such. Some ancient writers contend that the Mullet
should invariably be pierced. The Mullet must not be confused
with the star, which generally has six points. The Mullet is one
of tlie marks of cadency.

Mullet is also a term for a fish.

Mural Crou’u. — A circle of gold embattled, borne sometimes as
a charge, but more generally as a crest. A mural crown often
occurs in arms granted to officers who have distinguished them-
selves in sieges ; and it is intended to represent the ancient Roman
distinction for bravery in ascending the walls of a fortress.

Muraille. — Covered with a representation of masonry.

Murrey or Sauguiue. — A dark brown colour.

Muschetors. — Ermine, without the usual three black spots.

Naiant or Nataut, applies to a fish swimming or set fesse-wise
on a shield.

Naissant. — An animal rising or issuing from the middle of an
ordinary.

Nai'dssus. — A flower of six petals, not unlike the cinquefoil.

Nat ant. — See Naiant.

Naval Crown. — A crown composed of sails and sterns of ships,
placed alternately on a circle or fillet. In the end of the past and
the early part of this century, the naval crown appears in numerous
grants of arms for distinguished maritime services.

Nebuly or Nebulee. — A partition line running in and out like the
‘‘dovetail joint.”

Neptune. — Represented as half man and half fish, holding a
trident.

GLOSSARY,

177

Nerved. — Said of the fibres of leaves when of a different tincture
from the leaves.

Nimbus. — The glory round the head of a saint.

Noble7nen. — Dukes, Marquesses, Earls, Viscounts, and Barons.
Sir James Lawrence (“ Nobility of the British Gentry”) gives it
a wider sense, and says, any one having armorial bearings.

Norroy. — One of the three Kings-of-Arms.

Nowed. — Twisted into a knot.

Oak, — The emblem of strength. Oak-trees and branches are
often borne as charges and crests.

Obsidional Crown. — A garland formed of twigs and grasses.

Of the Field. — The same tincture as the field

Of the First. — Of the same tincture as that first specified.

Ogress. — See Pellet.

Olive-tree. — The emblem of peace and concord.

Ombre or Adumbrated, — A shadowed or outlined charge.

Ondee. — W a vy .

Ongle. — Armed.

O71 Degrees. — Said of a cross placed on steps.

Ofinictcs.—A fictitious heraldic being, half dragon and half lion.

Oppressed. — See Debruised.

Or. — The metal gold, represented in engravings by dots.

Ordmaries. — The principal bearings in coat armour.

Oreiller. — A pillow or cushion.

07de. — One of the subordinaries, a dimnnutive of the bordure,
but detached from the outer side of the shield. A71 orle of beza7its
should be eight bezants in orle.

Ost7'ich Feathers.' — One of the badges of Henry VI. Three
feathers are blazoned a plime (see also Plimie). The tops of ostrich
feathers are always represented bending over.

12

78

HERALDRY.

Otter. — The amphibious animal of this name, often borne with
a fish in his mouth.

Over all or Siir le tout. — Said of a bearing surmounting or placed
over others.

Overt. — Expanded, ready for flight. See Displayed.

Owl. — The emblem of wisdom, always borne full-faced.

Ox-yoke. — The coupled collars used when oxen are employed
for hauling.

Padlock. — Generally borne of square form.

Pale. — One of the ordinaries, consisting of a band placed ver-
tically in the middle of the shield. Pi pale is said of charges when
placed in the direction of a pale. A shield divided down the
middle is said to be parted per pale.

Paleways. — Placed in the direction of a pale, that is, set in a
vertical position.

Pall. — A subordinary or a charge in form like the letter Y.
The upper part of a saltire conjoined to the lower part of a pale.
It takes its name from the archiepiscopal vestment worn by Arch-
bishops. This charge is borne in the arms of the archiepiscopal
Sees of Canterbury, Armagh, and Dublin. As a vestment, the
Pall is a narrow circular band of white lamb’s-wool, which is ad-
justed about the shoulders, and has two similar bands hanging
down from it, the one before and the other behind.

Pallet. — A diminutive of the pale, and of one-half its width.

Palmer's ox Pilgrim's Staff. — A straight staff with a knob at the
top. With this is generally borne the palmer’s scrip or bag.

Paly. — Divided by an equal number of vertical lines, the spaces
alternately of metal and colour.

Paly Bendy.— YdXy crossed by diagonal lines from the dexter to
the sinister.

GLOSSARY.

179

iPajither. — Generally represented full-faced. When with fire
issuing from its mouth, it is blazoned incensed.

J^apal Crown. — A red, mitre-shaped cap, encircled by three
Marquess’ coronets, and surmounted by a mound and cross pattee.

Pa7iache. — A plume of feathers, generally those of the peacock,
set tipright, so as to form a crest. The Panache was almost always
regarded as a crest. (No. 255.)

No. 255.— Panache. Crest of John, Lord Scrope, K.G., from his Stall-Plate.

Partition lines. — Lines cutting or dividing the shield ; the direc-
tion of these lines corresponds with the Ordinaries, as party per
fesse, party per bend — that is, parted by a line running in the
direction of a fesse, or a bend. These lines are sometimes plain,
and sometimes irregular.

Party or Parted. — Divided after the heraldic manner.

Paschal Lamb or Holy Lamb. — A white lamb, passant, repre-
sented as carrying the banner of St. George.

Pascuant. — Grazing.

Passa7it. — Walking, with head in profile.

Passa7it Giiarda7it. — Walking, with the face affrontee.

]2— 2

i8o

HERALDRY.

Passant Reguar dant. — Walking and looking back.

^Pastoral Staff. — Part of the insignia of the episcopal office. It
is a staff of metal, ivory, or wood, with a curved head or crook.
The Pastoral Staff is also borne by an Abbot, but the crook is by
him carried turned inwards; whereas by a Bishoi^ it is carried
outwards. A vexillum^ or scarf, hangs from almost all representa-
tions of the Pastoral Staff, encircling its shaft. The Pastoral Staff
is borne in the arms of Westminster Abbey, &c., &c.

Pater7ioster^ Pattee., Patonce., Patriarchal. — See Crosses.

Paternal Arms. — The original arms of a family.

Patrick^ St., Order of. — An Order of Knighthood, established in
1783. It now consists of the Sovereign, the Grand Master, and
twenty-two knights.

Pauldro7i. — Armour to defend the shoulder.

Paw. — The foot only, of an animal.

Pawne. — See Peacock.

Peacock. — Borne in profile. When blazoned pride it is repre-
sented affronte, and with its tail fanned, or spread circularly.

Pean. — One of the heraldic furs, similar to ermine, but with a
sable ground and gold spots.

Pea- Rise. — Pea-stalk, having leaves and flowers.

Pearl. — The ancient term in Heraldry for white.

Peel. — A baker’s wooden drawing-shovel.

Peer. — The title given to every nobleman of Great Britain.
There are five degrees of Peerage, viz., Dukes, Marquesses, Earls,
Viscounts, and Barons.

Pegasus. — A rampant horse with wings.

Pelicaii is represented with neck embowed, wings endorsed,
wounding her breast with her beak. When feeding her young with
her blood, she is blazoned in her piety.

GLOSSARY.

i8i

Pelicafis Head. — With this charge the neck is represented em-
bowed.

Pellet or Ogress. — A black roundel. English heralds alone give
it this name. French and other heralds call all roundels torteaux.

Pendent or Pendant. — Dropping or hanging from the charge.

Penned. — Said of a feather, when the shaft or quill is of a
different tincture.

Petiner a?id rnkhor7i. — An ancient pen and ink holder (No. 256).

No. 256. No. 257.

Pennon. — A small flag with one or two points. In the middle
ages the Pennon w^as carried by a knight upon his lance, and it
bore his badge or personal device. The badge or charges were so
placed, that they were in position when the lance was held hori-
zontally.

Pennoncelle. — A small pennon.

Per. — By means of, or after the manner of. Generally used
before an ordinary, to denote a partition of the field.

Pei' close. — A demi-garter.

Perforated. — See Pierced.

Pheon. — The barbed head of a spear or arrow, engrailed on the
inner side. The point of the spear is placed in base. (No. 257.)

Phoenix. — A fabulous bird, represented issuant from flames.

HERALDRY.

182

Pierced. — Perforated and sliowing the field. When the shape of
the aperture is not given, it is circular.

Piety, in her. — Said of the pelican when feeding her young with
her blood.

Pike. — The fish of this name, in Heraldry generally called luce>

Pile. — An ordinary in the shape of a wedge, issuing from the
chief, and tapering to a point in the middle base of the shield.
Some heralds class the Pile with the subordmaries.

Pilgrim. — Represented with a sleeved under-vest, and long outei
robe with open sleeves ; a broad-brimmed hat, ornamented with a
shell ; on his feet sandals, and in his hand a staff.

Pily Bendy. — Divided both pile-wise and bend-wise.

Planta-Ge7iista. — The broom plant, the famous badge of the
Plantagenet family. This badge was assumed by Geoffrey
Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, the founder of the family. A
sprig of the broom is represented with its spike-like leaves, its
golden blossoms, and its pods, the latter sometimes open and dis-
closing their seeds.

Plate. — A silver roundel, represented flat; in foreig7i Heraldry
termed beza7its arge7it. Se77iee of Plates is ter77ied Plattee.

Playmg-tables. — A backgammon table.

Ple7ititude. — Said of the moon when represented fidl.

Plu77ie of Feathers. — Until the end of the fifteenth century these
were generally set upright, in a conventional manner, and after-
wards they were wavmg plumes.

Pods of Beans, &c. — When used as charges, the pods are open,
and show their seed.

Pornt. — A chevron-shaped charge, issuing from the base of the
shield, and tapering to the fesse point. It occurs in the arms of
Hanover (formerly part of the Royal arms of England),

GLOSSAJ^V.

183

Pomts of a Label. — The pendants.

Points of the Shield. — The parts denoting the position of any
figure. (See Chapter on Shields.)

Ponunelled. — Said of the round ball affixed to the handle of a
sword, when of a different tincture. No. 258 represents the Pom-
mel of the sword-hilt that is sculptured with the effigy of the
Black Prince, at Canterbury, and which is charged with a most
spirited representation of a lion’s face, the face of the true heraldic
lion.

No. 258.— Pommel of the Swokd-hilt of the Black Prince. Canterbury Cathedral.

Pomme. — A green roundel.

Pomniee. — A form of cross.

Popmjay. — A green parrot, with red legs and beak.

Porcupine. — Generally represented passant, with quills raised.
The family of Speechly or Speechle bear this for a crest.

Port. — A castle gateway.

Pot. — A steel head-piece.

Portcullis. — A frame or grating formed of five vertical, and four
horizontal bars. The lower ends of the vertical bars are pointed ;
in the upper angles are rings, from which are suspended chains.
The Portcullis was a device of Henry VIL, and was, and is now,
one of the badges of the Neville family. The Portcullis is also

HERALDRY.

184

borne as a charge ; it appears in the arms of Westminster City,
&c. Portcullis is a title of one of the pursuivants of the College
of Arms.

Potent. — The heraldic fur of this name.

Patentee. — One of the divisional lines, which is formed by a suc-
cession of crutch-shaped figures.

Pots are represented as three-legged iron pots, or cauldrons.

Pouldro7i. — See Pauldron.

Powdered, Seniee, or Poudi'ee. — Said of an indefinite number of
charges scattered or sprinkled over the field (No. 207, page 100),

Preene. — A cloth-dressing instrument.

Premier. — A title used by English heralds, to signify the most
ancient creation of a Peer of any degree.

Prestei' or Presbyter JoJm. — Represented as a mitred Bishop
seated on a tomb, his dexter hand extended, and in his sinister
a mound, and holding in his mouth a sword.

Pretence, Shield of. — A small shield pretended or placed in the
centre, upon the face of the shield. The arms of an heiress are
generally borne on a small shield of pretence, and placed upon the
shield of the husband.

Preying. — Devouring its prey. The family of Haynes, of
Whittlesea, Co. Cambs., bears for a crest an eagle preying on a
tortoise.

Pride, In. — ’With spread tail.

Primate. — The rank next below that of a patriarch in the Church.
In England, both our Archbishops are Primates, one of England
and the other of all England ; but an Archbishop is not neces-
sarily a Primate.

Prince. — A title now generally applied to sons and grandsons of
Kings and Emperors. In England the term is only applied to the

GLOSSARY.

185

Royal family. The title of Prince of Wales is created by a special
patent, and is the only instance of a territorial distinction being
given to an English Prince. Strictly, in Heraldry, Dukes, Mar-
quesses, and Earls, are Princes.'

Privy Seal. — The seal attached to grants of minor importance,
and to more important ones which are afterwards to pass the great
seal.

Fi'oper, — The true or natural colour.

Pryck-Spnr. — See Spur.

Purpled. — Garnished. Said of the studs of armour when of a
different tincture from the armour itself.

Purjiew or Purpleu. — An old term to express the embroidery of
a bordure of fur.

Purpure. — The colour purple. In engraving pippure is repre-
sented by diagonal lines from the left to the right. It is of rare
occurrence in English Heraldry.

Purse. — Represented as worn in the middle ages suspended from
the girdle.

Pursuiva?it. — An officer of the Herald’s College of the thhd and
lowest degree. Originally it was an order of probation, and was
an office from which the heralds and Kings-of-Arms were made.
There are in the College of Arms four Pursuivants : Rouge Croix,
Blue Mantle, Rouge Dragon, and Portcullis. Up to the time of
Queen Elizabeth, the Pursuivants wore their tabards having the
sleeves hanging in front and behind, that they might not be mis-
taken for heralds. In 1576 Rouge Croix was censured for wearing
his coat as a herald. The Pursuivant now wears his coat as does
a herald, but he is not entitled to the SS chain worn by heralds,

Pyot. — A magpie.

Pytho7i. — A winged serpent.

86

HERALDRY.

Quadrate. — Squared.

Qiiarter. — One of the ordinaries, or subordinaries, now super-
seded by the ca7iton.

Qiiartered. — Divided.

Quarterings. — The several coats marshalled on one shield.
Quartering was very little in use till the fifteenth century.

Quarterly. — Divided into four quarters , also, divided into more
than four sections, in which case the number is to be specified in
the blazon, as quarterly of six, quarterly oj eight, &c., &c.

Quarterly Quartered. — Is said of a saltire quartered in its centre,
and the four arms of which are each parted by two different tinc-
tures, alternately arranged. (See also page i8.)

Quatrefoil. — A four-leaved grass, formed of four curved leaves,
and represented without a stalk.

Quatrefoil Slipped. — A quatrefoil having a stalk attached to it.
The quatrefoil is a very common charge in armorial bearings.

Queue. — The tail of an animal.

Queue fourcheeox Double-Queue. — Having a forked tail (No. 259).

No. 25Q. — Arms of Hesse Darmstadt. Az.. a lion queue fourchee rampt.. harry of ten
arg. and gu. , crowned or, atid holding in his dexter paw a sword ppr., hilt and pommel or.

Quill. — An instrument on which is wound yarn, gold thread, &c.

GLOSSARY.

87

It must be expressed in the blazon whether the quill be filled or
unfilled.

Qiiilled. — Used to denote the tincture of the quills or feathers.

Quintain. — A tilting post used in mediaeval games.

Quintcfoil. — See Cinque-foil.

Quiver of Arrows. — A case filled with arrows.

Rack-pole beacon. — See Fire-beacon.

Radiant. — See Rayonnt.

Raguly or Ragulee. — A line having serrated projections.

Rainbow. — Represented naturally, as issuing from clouds.

Ram. — The Ram, in Heraldry, is generally treated conventionally.
Abbot Ramryge, of St. Albans, assumed and bore rams as his
supporters, and in the Abbey of St. Albans some beautiful sculp-
tured examples of the heraldic Ram exist.

Ram. — See Battering-ram.

Rampant. — Standing erect on the hind-legs ; a term applied to
the lion and other beasts of prey. One of the fore-legs is repre-
sented elevated, and the head in profile.

Rapier. — A narrow stabbing sword.

Rasa. — See Erased.

Raping or Rapin. — Preying.

Raven. — The bird of this name. Borne by the family of
Corbett.

Rayonne or Radiant. — Having rays issuing from the edge of the
charge or ordinary.

Rays. — When drawn round a figure of the disc of the sun,
heraldic Rays are sixteen in number, and they are alternately
straight and wavy.

Rebated. — Broken or cut off at the point.

Rebus. — In Heraldry a charge having an allusion to the bearer’s

i88

HERALDRY.

name. Devices or charges allusive to the name of the bearer were
very common in the middle ages. In Westminster Abbey, Abbot
IsLip’s chapel gives two forms of his Rebus — one a man falling
from a tree, exclaiming, ‘‘I slip j” the other a human eye, and a
small branch or slip of a tree.

Recercellee. — Curled.

Reed. — See Stay.

Reflected or Reflexed. — Turned or bent backwards.

Red Hand. — A sinister hand, erect, open, and couped ; the arms
of Ulster, and the distinguishing badge of Baronets.

Regalia. — The ensigns of royalty, dignity, or office, more espe-
those of a coronation. The Regalia of England, before the Refor-
mation, was in the keeping of Westminster Abbey, and it is still
presented to the Sovereign, at the coronation, by the Dean.

Reguardant. — Looking back.

Reindeer. — A stag with double attires.

Removed. — Out of its proper position.

Respectant or Respecting. — Two beasts (not of prey) rampant
face to face.

Rest. — See Clarion.

Retorted. — Intertwined frette-wise.

Rei'ersed. — A charge with the upper part turned downwards.

Riband. — A diminutive of the bend. It is similar to a cotise,
but is couped at the extremities.

Rising or Roussa?it. — Making ready for flight.

Rompii. — Broken, or interrupted.

Rose. — In Heraldry the Rose is represented in a conventional
form, generally with ten leaves (No. 261), but sometimes with only
five (No. 260). When there are /<?;?, five are represented within or
upon the outer five. The rose is never drawn with a stalk, unless

GLOSSARY.

189

expressed in the blazon. As it is sometimes gules, and sometimes
argent, it is not blazoned proper ; but it is often blazoned “ barbed
and seeded proper P and then the barbs are to be represented green,
and the seeds gold or yellow. The Red Rose was the badge of the
Plantagenets of the House of Lancaster, and the White Rose
that of York. An example of the heraldic Rose, with foliage,
occurs carved upon an oak bench-end, in the chancel of Pulham,
in Norfolk. The monument in Westminster Abbey to the memory
of Henry VII. is adorned with beautiful specimens of this re-
nowned historical badge.

Roses of York and Lancaster.

Rose-en-soleil. — The rose argent of the House of York, sur-
rounded with rays, as of the sun (No. 262).

Rouelle-Spur. — See Spur.

Rouge Croix. —The title of one of the pursuivants belonging to
the English College of Arms. The period of the institution of
Rouge Croix is not certain, but it is believed to be the most ancient.
The title is derived from the Red Cross of the patron saint of
England.

Rouge Dragon. — The title of one of the pursue nts of the Col-
lege of Arms, founded by Henry VII. immediately before his coro-
nation. Henry VII. used a Red Dragon as one of his supporters.

HERALDRY.

190

Rowidel or Rowidlet. — A charge of a circular form. Roundels
have special indicative names, according to their tinctures, viz. : a
roundel or is blazoned a hezafit ; a roundel ar. a plate., &c., &c. In
foreign Heraldry these distinctive names are not given, neither are
they in Scotch Heraldry.

Rowel. — Part of a spur.

Ruby. — The ancient blazon {or gules or red.

Rudder. — A badge of the I.ords Zouche. The tiller and stays
are generally blazoned of a different tincture.

Rue, Chaplet or Wreath of. — A charge in the arms of Saxony.
It resembles a coronet placed bend-wise, and it is sometimes
blazoned a bend archee coronette, a coronet extended in bend, or a bc7id
trejlee vert. On the continent it is blazoned a crancelin (a small
garland.)

Rustre. — A pierced lozenge.

Sable. — Black ; represented in engraving by horizontal and ver-
tical lines crossing each other.

Sacre. — See Saker.

Sagittarius. — See Centaur.

Sail. — Sails are generally represented in Heraldry with a portion
of the mast before them.

Saint George's Ensign. — The distinguishing flag of the British
navy. It is the red cross of St. George upon a white field, with
a Union Jack in the dexter chief corner.

Saint Andrew's Cross. — See Saltire.

Saker. — A kind of falcon,

Salamaiider. — A fabulous monster, generally depicted passant,
surrounded by flames. A golden Salamander is the crest of James,
Earl Douglas, K.G., the first Scottish noble who was elected
into the Order of the Garter, and who died a.d. 1483; this ani-

GLOSSARY.

igr

mal is represented on the Garter-plate of the Earl as breathing
flames (Nc. 263).

Salient or Saliant.- In the act of springing. It is similar to
rampant, but with two paws up and two down.

Sallet. — A mediaeval metal helmet.

Salt-cellars. — Cups represented with salt falling from them.
Salt-cellars are borne in the arms of the Salters’ Company.

Saltire or Saltier. — One of the honourable ordinaries. This is
also called a St. Andrew’s Cross. The Saltire is formed by a bend
dexter and a bend sinister crossing each other, like the letter X.
The Saltire contains 07ie-fifth of the field, but one-third when
charged.

Saltire-wise. — As a saltire. When two swords or other charges
are placed saltire-wise, the sinister is generally placed uppermost.

Saltorels. — Small saltires.

Sandal or Brogue. — A foot covering.

Sanglant. — Stained with blood.

Sanglier. — The boar.

Sangui?ie. — ^^lurrey, or blood colour ; represented by lines cros-
sing each other saltire-wise. This tincture is of rare occurrence.

Sa?is Noi7ibre. — See Powdered.

Sapphire. — The ancient blazon for azure or blue.

IQ2

HERALDRY.

Saracen. — Generally represented wreathed about the temples.

Sarcellee. — Cut through the middle.

Saturn. — An ancient blazon for sable or black.

Satyr. — A fabulous monster composed of the lion and antelope,
and having the face of an old man

Savage or Wild Man. — A man represented naked, or with
wreaths round the head and loins, and bearing a club in one
liand. Savages are frequently borne as siipporters^ especially in
Scotch armoury.

Scaled. — Said of a fish, when the scales differ in tincture from
the fish itself.

Scaling-Ladder. — A ladder having two hooks at the upper end,
and generally placed bend-wise on a shield. The family of Grey
bear the Scaling-Ladder for a crest (No. 264).

No. 264.

Scallop. — A kind of shell, supposed to have been introduced into
Heraldry by the pilgrims who bore it as a badge (see Escallop).

Sca?f — A small banner attached to a crozier. When borne as
a charge, the Scarf is generally represented in bend.

Scarpe or Escarpe. — A diminutive of the bend sinister, and one-
half its breadth.

Sceptre. — A staff ; the symbol of Royal authority, and the most
ancient ensign of sovereignty.

GLOSSARY.

193

Scimitar. — A weapon like the falchion, but narrower and more
curved.

Scintillant. — Sparkling, or emitting sparks.

Scorpion. — The reptile of this name, borne with head in chief.

Scotch Spur or Pryck-Spur. — See Spur.

Scrip. — A pouch used by pilgrims.

Scrog. — A branch of a tree.

Scroll. — One of the ornaments of a shield, whereon the motto
is written. The scroll and motto are placed below the shield, unless
the motto has some special reference to the crest ; it then stands
either above the achievement, or between the shield and crest.

Scr little. — See Winnoiving- Van.

Scut. — The tail of a hare, or rabbit.

Scutcheon. — See Escutcheon.

Sea-Dog. — A dog like the talbot, with a fin from the head to the
tail, a tail like that of the beaver, the body and legs scaled, and
the feet webbed.

Sea-Horse. — A horse with a fin in place of a mane, the feet
webbed, and the hinder part like a fish’s tail.

Sea-Lion. — Half lion and half fish.

Seal. — Represented naturally in Heraldry ; generally blazoned
a sea-wolf.

Seax. — A broad curved blade, notched at the back.

Seeded. — Applied to the centre of the heraldic rose.

Segreant. — Said of a griffin erect, with spread wings.

Sejant or Segeant. — In a sitting posture.

Sejant Addorsed. — Sitting back to back.

Sejant Affronte. — Sitting with the fore-paws extended sideways,
and facing the spectator.

Semee. — Strewed or scattered with any charge or object. A field

13

194

HERALDRY.

thus covered with charges has the appearance of a pattern, or as
if it had been cut out of a larger surface.

Seraph's Head. — A child’s head adorned with three pairs of wings.

Serpe7it. — Serpents are borne e^^ect, involved^ and nowed.

Seruse or Cerise. — A torteau.

Shackle. — horseshoe-shaped iron, with an eye at each end,
through which a bolt passes. This is sometimes erroneously con-
fused with the handcuff fetterlock.

Shack-bolt or Shackle-bolt. — See Fetterlock.

Shafted. — Having a shaft; said of a spear, arrow, &c. A term
also applied to a feather when the quill or shaft differs in tincture
from the remainder of the feather.

Shake-fork. — A charge resembling a pall, but huniettee dead, pointed.

Shamrock. — The national emblem of Ireland. A trefoil or
three-leaved grass.

Sheaf. — A term applied to a bundle of three arrows. A sheaf
of corn is termed 2. garb.

Sheldrake. — A bird of the duck genus, in which the hind-toe
has no pendent membrane. The sheldrake is said to be between
a goose and a duck. This bird does not often occur in Heraldry.
It is borne by the family of Jackson, March, Co. Cambs., and
Highgate, Co. Middlesex.

Shield. — A piece of armour on which heraldic bearings are
depicted. The shield is treated of in another part of this work.

Shield of Prete?ice. — Feudal arms are often placed on a shield of
pretence in the insignia of Elective Sovereigns, who bear their own
arms in surtout over those of their dominion. In the arms of
Hanover the crown of Charlemagne is placed in surtout, and for
some years the Hanoverian insignia was borne on a shield of pre-
tence in the centre of the Royal arms of England (see Pretence).

GLOSSARY.

195

' Originally represented by the ancient ga/ky, but of late

years ships of a more modern character have been used in He-
raldry.

Shoveller. — A kind of duck.

Sickle and Garb. — The well-known Hungerford badge.

Single. — The heraldic term for the tail of a deer.

Shuttle. — A weaver’s instrument.

Silk Hanks.— ^vc\SS\. bunches of silk twisted into a knot.

Sinister. — The left side of the shield, that is, that which covers
the bearer’s left side, and lies to the spectator’s right.

Simple. — See Vert.

Six-foil. — A flower of six leaves or cusps.

Slay. — A weaver’s instrument.

Slip. — A small twig with three leaves.

' Represented as having a stalk.

Snake. — See Serpent.

Soaring. — As the word implies, flying aloft.

Somerset Her aid. — One of the six heralds of the College cf Arms.

Sol. — The ancient heraldic term for gold.

Soldering-Hon. — A plumber’s tool, borne in the arms of the
Plumbers’ Company.

Spancelled. — Fettered. Said of a horse having one fore and one
hind-leg secured by fetterlocks.

Spear. — The tilting spear. Spears are variously borne. One is
borne on a bend by Shakspeare.

Speed, At. — Said of the stag when running.

Spervers.—T ents.

Sphinx. — A fabulous monster, composed of parts of a lion, bird,
and woman.

Splendour. — The sun is said to be in its splendour when it is

1.3—2

196

HERALDRY.

encircled with rays, and is represented with a human face in the
centre.

Sprig. — A sprig, in Heraldry, consists oi five leaves.

Springing. — The same as salient, but referring only to beasts of
the chase.

Spur. — The earliest spur, both in actual use and represented in
Heraldry, was the “ Pryck Spur.” This was generally made of
bronze, and it had a single goad-like point. About a.d. 1320, the
spur, having a great wheel, began to supersede the earlier form, and
shortly after, the true Rouelle spur, having the wheel spiked, made
its appearance. The use of spurs, in the middle ages, was allowed
only to knights, and was one of the emblems of knighthood.
Gallant conduct won knighthood and spurs, in the days of chivalry,
and the degradation of a knight brought the loss of his spurs. A
host, tired of his guest, would, in the days of knighthood, have
the knight’s spurs served to him on a dish.

Square- Pierced. — A charge perforated so as to show the field
through a square opening.

SS Collar. — The badge of the Lancastrian Princes, and their
supporters, friends, and dependants. By Henry VIH. the wearing
the SS collar vvas restricted to the degree of a knight

Stafibrd Knot. — One of the badges of the house of Stafford.

Stags, in Heraldry, have several terms peculiarly their own.
Their antlers are attires, the branches tynes. They are blazoned at
gaze, sprmgmg, couraiit, trippa^it, lodged, at speed. Sic., &c. — terms
not applied to animals generally.

Stag's Attires. — The horns and scalp of the stag.

Stall-Plate. — Brass plates bearing the arms of a knight, affixed
to his stall in the chapel of the Order.

GLOSSARY,

197

Standard. — A military ensign, originally allowed to none of a
lower degree than a Knight Banneret.

Staple. — The iron fastening of this name, represented of square
form.

Star^ Etoile^ or Estoile. — A star is represented as having six wavy
points or rays > when there are more rays than six they are generally
represented alternately wavy and straight. The star has always
been an ensign of knightly rank, and a star is in some form or
another always part of the insignia of all the Orders of Knighthood.

Star of hidia. — An Order of Knighthood instituted in 1861 by
Queen Victoria.

Starved. — Said of a branch having no leaves.

Statant. — Standing on all four legs, both fore and hind-legs being
in a straight line.

Staves. — See Pilgrim’s or Palmer’s Staff.

Steel Cap. — A close-fitting head defence.

Stern. — A term for the tail of a wolf.

Still. — See ^ lembic.

Stirrup.— Generally represented leathered and buckled.

Stock. — The stump of a tree.

Stole. — Part of a priest’s vestment.

Streaming. — Said of the tail of a comet.

Stringed. — Applied to harps, &c., when the strings differ in
tincture from the instrument. This term also refers to the strings
or bands of a mitre.

Subordinaries are a group of devices, less simple and less im-
portant than the Ordinaries. They are mostly formed of straight
or curved lines. The names and forms of this group are given in
a separate chapter.

Subverted. — Reversed.

198

HERALDRY.

Sufflue. — See Clarion.

Suffragan. — A title given to a Bishop in his relation of subordi-
nation to the Metropolitan of the Province.

Suii.—\y\ Heraldry, generally represented with a human face,
environed with rays, these rays generally being alternately straight
and wavy ; when so represented it is said to be in its glory or in
its splefidour. In some instances it appears as shining from behind
a cloud, or as rising or setting, but such positions must be mentioned
in the blazon.

Supporters. — Figures placed on each side of a shield in the atti-
tude of supporting it (No. 265).

No. 265.— Shield and Supporters of Jaspar Tudor, K.G., Earl of Pembroke in
1452, and in 1485 Duke of Bedford; Second Son of Queen Catherine and Owen

'1 UDOR.

Surcoat. — A loose coat worn over the armour. It was generally

GLOSSyl/^y.

99

charged with the armorial bearings of the wearer. Many beautiful
specimens remain of the monumental effigies of knights represented
wearing the Surcoat. Among these may be mentioned that of
Aymer de Valence (who died in 1323), in Westminster Abbey.

Sur le tout or Surtout, — Overall. A charge, or small escutcheon,
containing any coat of augmentation, placed over or upon the
shield.

SurfHounted. — One bearing or charge placed upon another of a
different tincture.

Sustained. — Having a narrow lower border; thus, a chief gu.,
sustained or, would be a red chief, having a narrow lower border
of gold.

Swan. — The Swan is often and variously borne : when blazoned
proper, it is white, with red beak, and has some black about the
nostrils. Such a Swan, ducally gorged and chained, was the badge
of the De Bohuns. It appears upon the secretum (No. 275), be-
tween the bases of two shields; and again, in a similar position,
upon the seal of Fleshy College, founded by the same Thomas
and his Duchess Alianore.

Swivel. — Two iron links connected by a bolt, around which
they revolve ; borne by the Ironmongers’ Company.

Sword, in Heraldry, is represented unsheathed, straight in the
blade, and pointed. The hilt, pommel, and accoutrements of
Swords are always to be specified in blazon.

Swepe. — An engine used in ancient warfare for throwing stones.

Syren. — See Mermaid.

Tabard. — A military garment in use in the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries, fitting close to the body, with large flap sleeves. On
the front, back, and sleeves were emblazoned the arms of the
wearer {i.e., there were four distinct representations of the arms).

200

HERALDRY.

Representations of the Tabard remain on many of tlie monu-
mental effigies of the period. One of the earliest of these is that
of John Fitzalan, in Arundel Church. This John was born in
1407, and died in 1434. No, 187 represents the Tabard of John
Feld, with its armorial blazonry—^//., a f esse or, between three eagles
displayed arg., guttees d?i sang. In the present day the Tabard is
worn only by Officers of Arms, who wxar it at great ceremonials,
embroidered with the arms of the Sovereign.

Tabernacle. — A pavilion or tent.

Tail. — The tails of many animals have particular terms ; for
instance, the tail of the wolf is the stern; of a deer, the single, &c.
The direction of the tail is sometimes blazoned. In the crest of
the Duke of Northumberland the tail of the lion is extended.
A lion coward is represented with his tail between his legs, &c.

Talbot. — A sort of hunting dog, between a hound and a beagle,
with a large nose, long, round, and thick ears. The Talbot dog
is the badge of the Earl of Shrewsbury, and two talbots ar.,
are his supporters.

Target. — A round shield or buckler.

Tasselled. — ^Adorned with tassels.

Tan. — A charge resembling the Greek letter Tatt. This is
generally called a Cross Tan.

Taw7iey. —See Tenney.

Teazle. — The head or seed-vessel of a species of thistle used in
cloth manufacture.

Tenants. — A term sometimes used for Himian Figures when
supporting the shield.

Tenney or Tawney. — The tincture orange; represented in en-
graving by diagonal sinister lines and horizontal lines crossing
each other. Tenney is of rare occurrence in English Heraldry.

GLOSSARY.

201

Some English heralds do not admit this colour, but as Guillim
quotes two English families that have borne Tenney, to reject
it would be unreasonable.

Tergia7it. — Having the back displayed.

Teutonic Knights. — An Austrian military and religious Order,
instituted at the time of the Crusades.

Thistle. — The E77iblem of Scotland. It is now represented as
growing on the same stalk as the rose and the shamrock.

Thistle^ Order of. — A Scotch Order of Knighthood.

Threstle or Trestle. — A three-legged stool.

Thimderbolt. — Represented by two jagged darts, two wings dis-
played with streams of fire, &c.

Tiara. — A triple crown. The Pope’s Tiara is composed of a
cap of gold, encircled by three coronets, with a gold mound and
cross on the top. Two strings embroidered and fringed at the
ends, and semee of crosses of gold, hang from the cap.

Tiercee or Per tierce. — Divided into three equal parts. A shield
may be tierce in pale, in fesse, &c. Three coats are sometimes
marshalled in one shield, under the blazon of tierce in pale.

Tilting Hel77iet. — The helmet worn over the basinet, and at-
tached to the armour by a ring and chain.

Tiltmg Spear. — A heavy lance, borne in the arms of Shakspeare.

Twibre. — The helm, when placed above the shield.

Ti7ictu7‘es. — The metals, colours, and furs used in Heraldry.

Toison dPr. — Golden fleece.

Topaz. — The ancient blazon for gold.

Torch. — Generally borne mfla77ied or lighted.

Torqiied. — Wreathed. Twisted in the shape of a letter S.

Toret. — A ring moving on a swivel.

Torse. — The wreath placed on the helmet.

202

HERALDRY.

Torteaii. — A red roundel, represented spherical.

Tortoise. — Generally blazoned passant.

Tournee. — See Reguardant.

Tournament. — A mediaeval military sport.

Tower. — Generally represented as a circular embattled building,
with a door or port.

Toivered. — Said of walls or castles having one or more small
towers or turrets on the top.

Tower Triple-towered. — A tower surmounted by three small
towers.

Trade Marks. — Devices adopted as distinguishing marks by
manufacturers. The merchants of the middle ages, to whom the
use of true heraldic insignia originally was not conceded, are sup-
posed to have generally employed them. These marks were often
borne on shields, and they were often quartered in a shield with
the arms of some mercantile guild. The brass to John Terri,
A.D. 1524, at St. John’s, Maddermarket, Norwich, was a shield
which quarters the arms of a commercial guild with a merchant’s
mark. In the present day the importance of Trade Marks is
very great, and they possess a considerable personal value. The
protection afforded to the owners of these Trade Marks pre-
vents pirac)^, and it is a matter of regret that the existing
College of Arms has not the power of granting the same pro-
tection to those who have honourably and legally obtained ar-
morial bearings.

Tra7ispierced. — Pierced through.

Ti'afisjixed.— See Transpierced.

Transflue7tt. — Flowing through. This term generally refers to
the water represented falling through the arches of a bridge, as in
the seal of the Bridge wardens of Rochester Bridge.

GLOSSAJ^y.

203

Transmuted. — See Counter changed.

Transposed. — Having the original or natural position or arrange-
ment reversed.

Traversed. — Facing to the sinister.

Treflee- — Adorned with Trefoils.

Trefoil. — A leaf or flower having three cusps, generally borne
slipped.

Treille or Latticed. — Narrow strips of wood crossing each other,
representing trellis-work. Treille differs from frette in that the
pieces do not interlace under and over. They are all nailed at
the intersections.

Tressure. — One of the subordinaries, a diminutive of the orle,
and half its breadth ; generally borne double. It is borne in the
arms of Scotland, and it is there ornamented with fleurs-de-lis, and
is blazoned fleury count er-fleury . This subordinary is held in great
esteem, and it is very rarely granted to other than persons of Royal
descent. The Double Tressure was granted as an honourable
augmentation to the citizens of Aberdeen for their loyal services
against the English.

Tricked. — Arms sketched in outline with pen and ink, and the
different tinctures written.

Tricolour. — A flag of three colours. Several of the continental
national ensigns are Tricolours.

T7'icorporate. — This is- said of a bearing representing the bodies
of three lions rampant, conjoined under one head guardant, in
the fesse point.

Tddent. — A barbed fork, with three prongs.

Triparted. — Divided into three parts.

Trippant or Tripping signifies the light movement of beasts of
the chase, and they are represented with one foot up. This term

204

HERALDR K

compares with passant, which in the same way applies to beasts of
prey. When a stag, &c., moves more rapidly, it is said to be at
speed. Counter-tripping implies that two or more animals of the
chase are tripping past each other in opposite directions.

Triple Plumes. — Three rows of feathers above each other.

Trito7i. — The male of the mermaid. See Merman and Neptime.

Tro7ionne. — See Dis77U77ibered.

T7'U77ipet. — Shaped like a postman’s horn, i.e. a long straight tube,
expanded at the extremity; it is borne in the arms of Trumping-
DON, az., two trumpets in pile, or. These are sometimes erroneously
blazoned m pale.

Tru7iclieon. — The official badge of the Earl Marshal of England,
consisting of a golden rod, tipped at each end with gold enamel,
and having the Royal arms on the upper, and the Earl Marshal’s
own arms on the lower end.

Trundle. — A quill of thread for fixing in a shuttle.

Tru7iked. — Said of the main stem of a tree couped.

T7'ussing. — The same as preying, but applied only to birds.

Tudor Rose. — A combination of the Red and White Roses of
the Houses of York and Lancaster. Sometimes the rose arge7it is
charged upon the rose gules, and sometimes it quarters the two
tinctures.

Tun. — Often used as a rebus by persons whose names end in
Tim or Ton, as a bolt in a tun for Bolton, an ash issuing from a
tun for Ashton.

Tur7ipike. — A frame formed of three vertical and three horizontal
bars, revolving on the centre bar (No. 266).

Tur7istile. — As the foregoing, but raised on a step or foot-frame
(No. 267).

Turret. — A small tower surmounting a castle.

GLOSSARY.

205

No. 266. No. 267.

Tusked. — Applied to an animal when the tincture of the tusks
differs from the body.

Tynes. — A term for the branches of the horns of a stag.

Ulster King-of-Arms . — The principal heraldic officer for Ireland.
The office of Ulster was instituted in or about the year 1552, but
a similar office, under another title, existed long previously.

Ulster Badge. — A sinister Imiid open, erect, couped at the wrist,
gules. This armorial ensign of the province of Ulster is the dis-
tinguishing badge of Baronets, and is borne upon their shields.

Umhrated or Adumbrated. — Shadowed.

Undee or Undy. — One of the divisional lines. Undulating.

Unguled. — Hoofed. Said of hoofs when of a different tincture
from the animal.

Unicorn. — A fabulous beast resembling the horse, but with one
long horn projecting from its forehead.

Union Jack. — A combination of the national banners of England,
Ireland, and Scotland, in one flag. A fuller description of the
Union Jack is given in another chapter.

Upright. — Applied to reptiles and shell-fish, as rampant is to
animals.

Urchin. — See Hedgehog.

Urina7it or Uriant. — The reverse of hauriant ; applied to fish.

Usher of the Black Rod. — An officer of the Order of the Garter.

2o6

HERALDRY.

Vair. — One of the furs ; it is represented as composed of rows
of small shields, alternately reversed. Vair occurs very often in
early shields, and it most probably bore its part in effecting diffe-
rence, by means of varying the tincture of any shield or of its
charge. Vair was used for lining garments, and La Colombiere
observes, that when furriers first made this lining, they used small
pieces, most frequently of the azure colour, which they felled to
white furs ; and he infers from that, that those who have settled the
rules of Heraldry decreed, in relation to Vair, that this fur in its
natural blazon should be always argent and azure, but if there be
any other tincture it must be expressed in the blazon.

Vairy. — Charged with Vairs.

Vailary Croum. — A crown formed of a circle of gold, with a
number of flat pointed pieces surmounting it (No. 357, page 272).

Vambraced or Ui7ibraced. — An arm covered with armour.

Vamplate. — A piece of steel on a tilting spear, to protect the hand.

Vane. — See Winnowmg-vane.

Varmet. — See Escallop.

Venus. — The ancient blazon for vert.

Verdee. — Powdered or strewed with leaves or plants.

Verdo7i Knot. — A fret with the extremities couped.

Vert. — The colour green, represented in engraving by diagonal
lines, drawn from the dexter to the sinister side of the shield.

Verted. — or bowed.

Verrey.— ^^Q Vair.

Vervels or Varvels. — The rings at the end of jesses, through
which the leash is passed.

Verules or Verolles. — The rings encircling hunting horns.

Vested. — Habited.

Victoria Cross. — An Order instituted by Queen Victoria for

GLOSSA/^y,

207

eminent personal valour. It is a Maltese cross of bronze, charged
with the Imperial crown and crest, with the motto “ For Valour.”

Vigilant. — In the attitude of watching for prey.

Viscount. — Originally an Earl’s deputy. The title or office of
Viscount was instituted when earldoms became hereditary. It is
now the fourth degree and title in tlie order of rank in the British
peerage. The hereditary title of Viscount was first granted by
Henry VI., a.d. 1440, to John, Baron Beaumont, K.G.

Viscount's Coronet. — A circlet of gold enclosing a velvet cap.
Upon the circlet a row of fourteen pearls^ nine of which only are
shown in representations.

Voided. — Pierced, or some part of the charge removed, and
showing the field through. (No. 76. page 31.)

Voider s. — Diminutives of Flanches.

Vol. — Two wings of an eagle displayed, and conjoined, when
borne as a charge.

Volant. — Flying.

Vorant. — Swallowing or preying.

Vulned. — Bleeding from a wound.

Wake Knot. — A badge formed from the initials W and O, with
two lengths of ribbon or cord intertwined.

Walled or MurailVee. — Covered with a representation of masonry.

Warwick Badge. — A Bear and Ragged Staff. Shakspeare
often makes mention of this cognizance of the Nevils, especially
in the Play of Henry VI., Part II.

Water Bouget. — A mediaeval vessel for carrying water, formed
of two leather pouches appended to a cross bar or yoke (Nos.
268 to 271).

Wattled. — Said of the comb and gills of a cock when of a dif-
ferent tincture from the bird itself.

2o8

HERALDRY.

No. 268. No 26q. No. 270. No. 271.

Wa7)y. — Wave-like, represented generally by three risings. It
is also one of the partition lines.

Wedge. — A triangular-shaped charge, with point in base.

Weir^ Weai'e, or Haie. — A wattle-fence dam.

Well. — Generally represented circular, in perspective and
masoned.

Well Bucket. — A bucket having three legs.

Welsh Ha7'p. — See Harp.

Wheatsheaf. — Generally termed a garb.

Wheel., Catherine. — A wheel with eight spokes, and having eight
hooked knives on the periphery.

Whintain. — See Quintain.

Whirlpool. — Two lines of azure and argent, commencing at the
fesse point of the shield, and alternately encircling each other to
the outer edge.

White Ensign. — The banner of St. George, with the Union
Jack in the first quarter.

Wild Ma?i. — Represented naked, holding a club, and wreathed
at the waist and temples.

Windsor Herald.— OviO, of the six heralds of the College of
Arms.

Wings are variously borne, and their position must be blazoned
as displayed, erect, &c.

GLOSSARY,

209

IVmged. — Provided with wings. This term is used when the
tincture is different from that of the bird.

Wmnowtng-Van, Fan, or Basket. — A winnowing implement
used in husbandry. It appears charged upon the shield, the
surcoat, and the ailettes of Sir R. de Setvans, in his brass at
Chartham, Kent, about a.d. 1305. His motto was Sic dissipabo
mimicos Regis mei. (So will I scatter — that is, like chaff before
the wind — the enemies of my king.)

Woolpack. — A pack of wool, tied at each corner.

Wreath. — See Chaplet or Garla7id. The Wreath also refers to
the ornament which surmounts the helmet; it is made of silk of
two colours, twisted or intertwined into a solid wreath or roll.
The colours are generally those of the chief tinctures of the shield.
Every crest is now represented as placed upon a Wreath, excepting
when it is blazoned as issuing from a coronet, or placed upon a
chapeau. Crests and charges are sometimes encircled by a

Wreath, and so also are ordinaries.

Wi'eathed. — Adorned with a wreath.

Wyvern or Wivern. — A monster of the dragon order, but having
only two legs and feet ; it has wings and a serpent-like tail, nowcd
and barbed.

Yoke. — See Ox-yoke.

York Rose. — The White Rose of the house of York.

York Herald. — One of the six Heralds of the College of Arms.

Zide. — See Chess-Rook.

14

No. 272.--SHIELD OF John de Hastings, K.G., Earl of Pembroke,
Quartering De Hastings and De Valence, and impaling France ancient and England quarterly.

ARSHx\LLING consists in bringing together different

Heraldry. Marshalling of arms is the combination and proper
disposition of two, or more coats of arms, either by arranging the
coats accollee, or side by side, keeping the coats distinct, or by
uniting them in one.

The admission of two or more families’ arms into one shield
became usual during the reign of Richard II. Until then, the

CHAPTER XV.

MARSHALLING.

Heraldic Insignia in accordance with the rules of

MARSHALLING.

211

shield was limited to the ancient coat, that is, the simple hereditary-
bearings, but the transmission by hereditary descent of several
dignities, with their appanages, and their concentration in single
bearers, called forth a system of recording or chronicling such
accumulation of honours.

Marshalling consists not only in the aggroupment of two or more
families’ bearings in one shield, but it embraces the aggroupment
of the arms, crest, supporters, and all other honourable insignia,
into a complete heraldic achievement.

The methods of Marshalling at different periods vary very much,
and the date to which any shield of arms belongs, may be known
by the system of Marshalling.

Placing two or more shields side by side is the most simple
order of Marshalling, and many early seals give us excellent ex-
amples of this method. These seals are divided geometrically into
compartments, and the shields of their eminent owners are placed
or Marshalled in the divisions, and they thus form a single com-
pound heraldic composition. The seal of Joan, wife of John de
Warrenne, Earl of Surrey, though not more than one and a
half inches in diameter, is charged with nine distinct heraldic bear-
ings, each of which is so placed that it takes a becoming part in
the composition. The arrangement of this seal is given in the
diagram, No. 273. The arms are charged upon lozenges; in the
centre compartment is i, Warrenne ; 2 2 are England ; 3 3 are De
Barr, az., crusillee^ two barbels haurwit^ addorsed or., itnthin a bor-
dure engrailed gu. ; and in the four quatrefoils are Leon and Cas-

14 — 2

212

HERALDRY.

tile alternately. The lady was daughter of Henry, Count de
Barr (in France), and Alianore, eldest daughter of Edward I.
and Alianore of Castile and Leon.* The seal of Robert de
Saint Quintin, a.d. 1301, is another good example of such an
aggroupment of several shields. It is shown in the accompanying
diagram, No. 274. i is an early shield of Saint , chequee

arg. and vert.^ on a fesse gn., three martlets or. / 2 2 2 2 is Hastings,
or., a maunche gn. ; and 3 3 3 3 is Fitz-Walter, or., a fesse betwee^i
two chevrons gu. (Vincent MS. SS. in Coll. Arm.) Joan, the
second daughter of Edward I., was married to Gilbert de Clare,
Earl of Gloucester and Hertford; and their youngest
daughter, Elizabeth de Clare, became the wife, first, of John
DE Burgh, eldest son of Richard, Earl of Ulster; secondly,
of Theobold de Verdun; and thirdly, of Roger d’Armori.
Her seal is another interesting and characteristic example of the
aggroupment of several distinct coats, so as to form a single com-
pound composition ; thus, in the central compartment of the seal

No. 273.

No. 274.

MARSHALLING.

213

is the shield of Roger d’Armori, darry neb nice of six, ar. and gu,,
a bcfid sa. (Roll of E. II, ), environed by the three lions of England ;
in chief is Ulster differe?iced by a label ; in base is Verdun, or, frettee
gu. (Rolls of H. III. and of E. II., and seal of the Baron’s letter) ;
to the dexter and sinister are Clare ; and at the four angles the
Castle and Lion of Castile and Leon appears alternately.

The secretum of Thomas Plantagenet, youngest son of
Edward III., in its three principal compartments, has his own
arms (Diagram No. 275,) 2 ; those of his Duchess, Alianore
De Bohun, 3 ; his helm and crest, i ; the swan badge, 4 ; and
the legend, 5.

The seal of Elizabeth, granddaughter of Edward I., and
daughter of the Joan already named, by her last marriage with
Roger d’Amori, bears a close resemblance to the seal of her
mother. This seal (No. 276) illustrates the heraldic feeling and
usage of the first half of the fourteenth century. It is, with the
seal of the husband of Elizabeth d’Amori, John, Lord Bardolf,
attached to a deed, dated 1340. The seal contains nine com-

214

• HERALDRY.

partments : the central circular one bears the shield of Bardolf
{az.^ three cinquefoils or), with Ulster (without any label) in chief
and base, to the dexter Clare, to the sinister UAniori, and Castile
and Leon, as before, in the compartments of the angles. The
seal of Elizabeth de Bury, illustrated in Norfolk Archaeol.”
(V., 301), is another good specimen of this arrangement of dif-

No. 276, — Seal of Elizabeth, Lady Bakdolf. No. 277.— Seal of Matilda de Filliol.

erent coats. The small seal of Matilda, daugliter of Roger
DE Lascelles (No. 277), is another variety of this method of
grouping: in the years 1288 and 1293 she was married, first to
Sir W. de Hilton, and secondly to Sir R. de Filliol; ac-
cordingly, her seal has the shield of Lascelles — arg., three chap-
lets gu.; Hilton — arg., two bars az.) and Filliol — gu., a lion
rampt. arg., over all a bendlet az.

The counterseal of FIumphrey de Bohun, fourth Earl of
Hereford, and third Earl of Essex, a.d. 1327, affords an ex-

MARSHALLING.

215

cellent illustration of that aggroiipment of shields, of which the full
development was quartering. This seal (No. 279) bears a large
central shield for the Hereford Earldom, between two smaller
ones (Nos. 278 and 280), and both of them quarterly^ or and gules,

No 279.

for the Earldom of Essex. The same aggroupment of shields
appears upon the counterseal of John de Bohun, the fifth
Earl of Hereford.

In like manner, the seal of Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Nor-
folk, who died in banishment at Venice, a.d. 1400, bears three
shields, of which the central shield is charged with the arms of
the Confessor (a special grant from Richard II.), impaling
Brotherton {England, with a silver label of five points) ; the

2i6

HERALDRY.

dexter shield bears Mowbray {gu.^ a lion rampant arg.), and the
sinister shield displays Segrave {sa., a lion rampt. arg.., crow7ied
or), the arms of the Duke’s mother.

Many other early examples might be adduced of this practice
of forming groups of shields of arms, before true quartering was
regularly recognized ; nor was this usage altogether superseded by
(quartering, until after the close of the fourteenth century.

This system of grouping together several shields of arms, would
naturally lead to the grouping together and concentration of them
upon a smgle shield, as a more compact and expressive arrange-
ment.

It is obivous that a group of separate shields could not be
displayed about the person of a noble or a knight, and that the
necessity of quartered blazoning was the cause of its introduction ;
but before the system of quartering came actually in use, the com-
bination of two or more coats of arms was effected by forming a
new composition from the most important charges of the several
coats. The celebrated shield of Prince John of Eltham (repre-
sented on his effigy in the Abbey of Westminster) is charged with
the arms of E?igla?id 7uithin a bordiire of France, thereby com-
pounding the arms of his father Edward II., and of his mother
Isabella of France. The beautiful seal of Margaret, Queen of
Edward I., is an earlier example of this system of compounding
arms. Mr. Planch e suggests that the shield of Bohun (No. 279)
is a compound shield, and that the six lioncels rampa7it were
incorporated with it in consequence of an alliance with an heiress

MARSHALLING,

217

of Salisbury. The arms attributed to the Earls of Salisbury are
illustrated on No. 206, page 97. A comparatively modern instance
of compounding or incorporating two or more coats is the Union
Jack, which is a combination of the crosses of St. George, St.
Andrew, and St. Patrick (See chapter on Flags). This instance
of incorporation, instead of Marshalling by quartering, has been
severely criticised.

Marshalling by Quartering consists in dividing the shield
(as in No. 30) into four parts, and allotting each one of these
quarters to a single distinct shield. When two coats are thus
quartered, the most important occupies the first and fourth quarters,
and the other coat the second and third quarters. This arrange-
ment was probably suggested by such shields as were simply quar-
tered for diversity of tincturing (Nos. 144 and 278). Should there
be three coats of arms for quartering, the fourth quarter repeats the
coat that is charged upon the first quarter. The Royal arms of
England (No. 368, page 278), as now borne by Her Majesty
THE Queen, is an example of three quarterings : i and 4, England;
2, Scotland ; and 3, I eland.

Four coats of arms, when quartered, are placed in their proper
order of succession, each in one of the four quarters of the shield.

The earliest example known in England of a shield upon which two
distinct heraldic ensigns are marshalled by quartering, is the shield
quartering Castile and Leon upon the monument of Alianore,
Queen of Edward I., in the Abbey of Westminster. These
quartered arms were first adopted by the father of Queen Alianore,

2i8

HERALDRY.

Ferdinand III., on the union of Castile and Leon under his rule.
The gilt plate upon which the effigy of this lady rests, is diapered
of castles and lions alternating, in lozenges. The first English sub-
ject who is recorded to have quartered arms, so far as is at present
known, was Symon de Montagu, whose shield is marshalled in
the Roll of Edward II., a.d. 1311 : Sire Symon de Montagu^

Quartile de argent e de azui'e ; e7i les quarters de azu7'C les griffons de
or ; en les quarters de argent les daimces de gou les.’' The “ datmccs'’
are fusils in fesse (as No. 176, page 61). William Montagu (Roll
of Henry III.), bore “ aigejit, a fesse engrailed (or daiicettee) of three
pieces gules f and Simon de Montagu, in or about a.d. 1300, bore

azu7'e, a g7dffi7i segreant or;” so that in the shield of 13 ii these
two earlier shields are incorporated by quartering. A later ex-
ample is the coat of Sir Edmund de Thorpe (No. 186, page 67).

This method of Marshalling may be considered to have assumed
an authorized place in Heraldry early in the fourteenth century,
and in the latter half, the numerous examples of quartered shields
prove it to have become an established usage.

Hour coats quarterly are found upon the seal of Isabella, Queen
of Edward II. i, E7igla7id (her husband) ; 2, Fra7ice (her father) ;
3, Nava7'7'e (her mother) ; and 4, az. a he7id arg., cotised pote7it
cou7ite7'‘-pote7it or, for Champagne, then a most important appanage
of the crown of France (No. 281). The Champagne quarter is
shown enlarged in No. 184, page 62. It will be observed that
in quartering four coats, no repetition is necessary, as is the case
in two or three coats. V/hen the shield is divided into more than

MARSHALLING.

219

four parts, no matter how great the number of divisions, the term
“ quartering ” is always used, and when any repetition of a coat is
necessary, the fourth quarter repeats the first.

No. 2Si.— Quartered Shield of Arms borne by Isabella, Queen of Edward II.

When a quartered coat has to be Marshalled, it is treated pre-
cisely as a single coat. An early instance of this is on the alabaster
shield, upon the monument of Queen Philippa in Westminster
Abbey ; the paternal arms of Hainault are quartered with those
of her husband (No. 298, page 232). ‘It is thus blazoned : quar-
terly^ I and 4, England (these are termed grand quarters,” when
there is a subdivision of quarters) ; 2 and 3 grand quarters, i and
4, or, a lion rai7ipant sa., for Flanders ; 2 and t,, or, a lion rampant
gu., for Holland. It will be observed that the two grand or prin-
cipal quarters are first named, and then the second two grand
quarters and their subdivision ; thus i and 4 g. q., 2 and 3 g. q.,
then I and 4, and 2 and 3, of tbe grand quarters 2 and 3. The
illustration (No. 298) does not show the usual divisional line in

220

HERALDRY.

the second and third grand quarters, but the four lions in each of
these quarters are supposed to be on four separate divisions (see
diagram No. 35, page 18).

In all quartering, the chief or most important coat occupies the
first or upper dexter quarter of the shield, and the other coats
follow m the order hereafter shown. The object of placing two
or more coats of arms on one shield, is chiefly to exhibit the descent
of the bearer from the heiresses, or co-heiresses of other families ;
but there are other methods of combining coats other than by
quartering, but such combination is not hereditary.

Impalement is Marshalling two coats of arms upon one shield :
it is effected by dividing the shield by a vertical line into two equal
parts, as in diagram No. 28, page 17. The earliest system of
Impalement was by dimidiation, that is, by cutting two shields in
half, and placing together the dexter half of one and the sinister
half of the other, and thus forming a single composition. This
Im;palmg by dimidiation was introduced as early as the beginning
of the fourteenth century ; but the extraordinary effect caused by
the dimidiating three lions and three ship’s hulls, and such other
combinations, probably suggested that the two complete coats
should be Impaled instead of the two half-coats. The seals of the
Cinque Ports bear shields charged with these arms, England dimi-
diating three ship's hulls in pale (No. 282).

Upon one of her seals, Margaret of France, the second Queen
of Edward I., bears England dimidiating Erance ancient. One
of the shields upon the monument of Earl William de Valence

MARSHALLING.

221

in Westminster Abbey, a.d. 1296, bears De Valence dimidiating
Claremonte Nesle, gi/., semee of trefoils, hvo oai'bels haurieiit,
addorsed, or.

No. 282.— CiNQL’E Ports. No. 283.— Clare and Fitzgerald.

The seal of the “ Provostry of the town of Yoiighal,’' in Ireland
(see “Herald and Genealogist/’ I. 485), about a.d. 1274, displays
a shield charged with the dimidiated arms of Clare {or, tJu'ee
chroivnels gu.. No. 169, page 58) and Fitzgerald: here the dexter
semi-chevronels are shown in combination with the sinister semi-saltire
of the Irish coat, which, in this instance is differenced with a label
of three points (No. 283).

The arms of the Abbey of Faversham, or Feversham, Kent, is
the same as the Cinque Ports (No. 282) with the addition of over
all, in pale, a crosier.

The double-headed eagle is, in the opinion of Mr. Planche,

222

HERALDRY.

due to the practice of dimidiation ; so also may be the gryphon,
and other fictitious beasts.

Alliance by marriage was, in the latter half of the fourteenth
century, represented on shields by Impalement, the husband’s
complete arms being placed in the dexter half, and the wife’s in
the sinister. This was blazoned parted per pale. Baron and Femme.
^‘Husband and wife” is used in this work, to make the explanation
more distinct, but the early heralds considered that Baron and
Femme was the only admissible blazon.

In Impaling two coats of arms (and also in quartering), the
arrangement and proportions of the charges are adapted to the
altered space afforded by the impaled shield. The manner in
which the early heralds represented charges on divided shields
is very interesting. The shape of a lion or other beast was
drawn to suit the space, without in any way detracting from the
characteristic heraldic appearance of the beast. So also with
many inanimate charges: the maunche in No. 272 fills up the
quarter ; the hanging part of the sleeve is bent backwards to fit
the base of the shield, without in any way destroying the sleeve
itself. The three lions in the fourth quarter of the shield (No.
298, page 232) are of different sizes, to suit the space ; but the
value or rank of the smaller lion difihrs nothing from the larger
one. Again, the escarbuncle in the third quarter of the shield of
Isabella, Queen of Edward II. (No. 281, page 219), is another
example of a charge adapted to suit the shape of the quartering.

In descriptive blazoning, each coat of arms retains its own

MARSHALLING.

223

distinctive individuality ; and although the two descriptions are
grouped together, they are treated separately. The shield (No.

285) sets forth that Wood (No. 284) who married an Ellis (No.

286) had impaled his wife’s arms (which she bore as her father’s
daughter, and not as his heiress or co-heiress) with his own arms of
Wood. This impaled shield is not hereditary ; Wood, therefore,

has but a life interest in the Ellis coat ; but the Wood coat he
transmits to his children as he would other property. It is obvious
that if in every instance the arms of a mother were borne
by her sons, with their father’s arms, and the two thus united
were to be continually transmitted, the complication would
render Heraldry altogether impossible. The arms, therefore, of
husband and wife (when the wife is not an heiress) can only be
borne by the husband and wife, and by the survivor of either of
them. A widow^ however, would bear the united arms upon a
lozenge^ and not upon a shield, and without the crest. A widow
marrying again does not usually bear the arms of her former
husband, unless he was a Peer. A widower marrying again is

224

HERALDRY.

entitled to bear the arms of both -wives. In this case, the second
-wife’s arms -would occupy the lower half of the space originally
occupied by those of the former wife, or that part of the shield
which in a quartered shield would be termed the fourth quarter.

Impalement of arms does not belong exclusively to husband
and wife. Official arms are impaled after the same manner.
Archbishops and Bishops impale their paternal arms with the
arms of their Sees, placing the latter in the dexter side of the
shield. The arms of the Herald Kings are also marshalled
in the same manner ; that is, they place their official arms on
the dexter side of the shield, and their personal arms on the
sinister.

The arms of the Sees are attached to the Sees permanently, so
also are the arms of office. The Archbishop, or Bishop has but
a temporary connection with the See, and this relation to it is
represented in Heraldry, exactly as is the temporary connection
of the armorial bearings of husband and wife.

Impaled arms are not allowed on a banner, ensign, surcoat, or
tabard; they may be represented on a shield in any manner,
either carved in stone, painted, or engraved on plate. After the
death of a husband, the widow may bear the impaled arms.

Bordures and tressures are generally dimidiated by Impalement;
that is, the part of the bordure and tressure which adjoins the
Impalement line is omitted.

Queen Anne, and King George I. bore in the first quarter of
the Royal shield, England impaling Scotland, and the tressure in

MARSHALLING.

225

the arms of Scotland, was removed on that side next the arms of
England. Bordures and tressures, although thus affected by
Impalement, are not affected by quartering.

Arms of Alliance are also represented otherwise than by
Impalement. If the wife should be an heiress^ then the arms of
her family are not impaled, but are borne upon a Shield of
Pretence. This method of representing alliance, is of compara-
tively recent usage, but is now become general.

No. 287 illustrates, for the sake of example, the shield of Staf-
ford, bearing a small shield of Butler in Pretence. If there
should be several co-heiresses of the house of Butler, the hus-
band of each would bear the Butler arms upon a small Shield
of Pretence upon his own shield. The children of the marriage
of Stafford and Butler would, after their father’s decease,
bear the united arms of Stafford and Butler, and these
would be permanently associated by quartermg. All the suc-
ceeding descendants and lineal heirs would bear them. The
blazon would be quarterly — \st and 4th, Stafford ; 2nd and
ydy Butler.

Alliance with an heiress is thus one of the causes of quartered
arms. In the alliance of a Stafford with an heiress, an hereditary
combination of two coats of arms has arisen, and, as the son of
an heiress is heir to his mother as well as to his father. Heraldry
sets forth, and hands down, to succeeding generations a record of
this conjoint inheritance

Marshalling by Quartering. — In quartering arms it must be

15

226

HERALDRY.

remembered what has been before metioned, that the most impor-
tant arms occupy the first quarter of the shield. The quartered
shield (No. 288) we now assume to be borne by another Stafford,
a son, or lineal descendant of the Butler heiress ; now, should he
marry a Campbell, he would impale the arms of Campbell, with
his own quartered arms (No. 289), but if the lady be an heiress, he
places the Campbell arms upon his own quartered shield in
pretence^ as in No. 290. The descendants of this Stafford-
Campbell alliance include the Campbell arms in their shield by
quartering, and the shield (No. 291) becomes the hereditary shield
of this branch of the Staffords.

In the case of a daughter of the Campbell heiress marrying,
were she not an heiress, her husband would simply impale with
his own arms her quartered arms ; and their children would bear
their father’s arms only ; but if she were an heiress, her husband
would bear her arms on a Shield of Pretence upon his own ; and
their children and descendants would quarter the quartered shield
of the heiress. If the daughter of the Campbell heiress (whose
arms would be as No. 291, but borne upon a lozenge instead of a
shield) were to marry a Bentick, who bears az.^ a cross moline arg.,
her quartered shield would be impaled by her husband (No. 293);
but if she were an heiress, her quartered shield would be placed
in Pretence upon the Bentick arms, as in No, 294.

The descendants of the Bentick-Stafford alliance, of course,
bear the combined arms of Stafford, Butler, Campbell, and
Bentick, and in order to arrange these in their proper order, a

MARSHALLING.

227

new modification of the process of quartering is necessary, and the
quartered shield has to be quartered. This is termed Quarterly
Quartering. No. 35, page 18, represents a shield thus divided.

15 — 2

228

HERALDR Y.

The primary quarters are grand quarters, and these are quartered.
In the shield of the Benticks’ descendants, however, the 2nd and
^rd quarters are quarterly quartered (No. 295). In this shield,
grand quarters 1 and 4 bear Bentick ; and grand quarters 2 and
3 are each charged with Stafford, Butler, and Campbell. This
shield becomes hereditary, and admits of any further quartering
that may be necessary in the same manner.

If a son of the Campbell heiress, who had married a Siafford-
Butler, were to marry a Bentick, he would simply impale hei
arms, and if she were an heiress, he would bear them upon his
quartered arms in a Shield of Pretence, and his children would
quarter Bentick in the 4th quarter, as in No. 292.

The shield of the children of a man bearing a quartered shield,
and who had married an heiress also bearing a quartered shield,
would be quarterly quartered ; the four grand quarters would be
quartered; the quartered arms of the father would be in the ist
and 4th, and the quartered arms of the mother in the 2nd and 3rd
grand quarters.

A man marrying an heiress, and having only a daughter, and
afterwards having a son by another marriage, the daughter inherits
the arms of her father and mother, but the son inherits only the
arms of the father.

When younger sons bear the quartered shield of their father, and
the heiress their mother, they place their mark of cadency so that
it may cover all their quarterings; these marks are given in a
following chapter.

MARSHALLING.

229

No. 272, page 210, illustrates two quartered shields impaled.

The small shield of arms (borne sometimes in pretence) upon the
centre of the shield, does not always denote that the bearer married
an heiress, but is part of the paternal arms, and is hereditary. The
Marquess of Abercorn bears in the point of honour, over all, an
escutcheon, az., charged with three fleurs-de-lis, or, for Chatelheraull.
These are called Augmentations of Honour, and are never quartered,
but always retain their original position. Camden says these
augmentations of honour were granted “ some of mere grace, and
some of merit.”

A single shield (or In escutcheon) appears in the well-known
blazon of the Mortimers (Nos. 296, and 297). These two shields
are difl^erenced, by changing the tincture of the Inescutcheon from
argetit, to ermine.

Arms of Dominion are quartered, but the quarterings do not
necessarily come into the shield by marriage. The Royal arms of
England furnish many interesting examples of quartering.

Arms of Community and corporate bodies may be marshalled
by regular quartering, the several coats of arms being arranged, and

230

HERALDRY.

assigned to their proper quarters, in the compound composition, in
the order of their relative precedence.

Marshalling also refers to the arrangement, or disposition of the
accessories of the shield, and to knightly and official insignia.

Knights of the Garter, and other Orders, if married, bear two
shields, one having the knight’s own arms surrounded with the
insignia of his Order, the other bearing his own arms repeated, im-
paling those of his wife, or (if an heiress) bearing them in pretence.

Royal personages, when married, bear their arms, being also the
arms of their dominion, alone on one shield, and the arms of the
husband and wife on a second impaled shield, the arms of the
personage of the higher rank being to the dexter.

A Peeress in her own right bears her hereditary arms ^without
helm or crest) on a lozenge, with her Coronet and Supporters. If
she be married to a Peer, both her arms and those of her husband
are fully blazoned, and the shield, and the lozenge are grouped
together to form a single compound composition, x^recedence being
given to the achievement of the higher rank, If she be married to a
commoner, her husband charges her paternal arms ensigned with
her coronet, in pretence upon his own ; and she also bears her own
Achievement of Arms, distinct and complete, as she bore it before
her marriage : and, in this instance also, the lozenge and the shield
are grouped together.

The widow of a Peer marrying a second Peer, she would not
retain the arms of her former husband, unless his rank had been
higher than that of her second husband. For instance, the late

MARSHALLING.

231

Lord Palmerston impaled the arms of his wife, and also those of
her former husband, Earl Cowper.

It will be remembered that all ladies, whether unmarried or
widows, bear their arms upon a lozenge, and without the helm
and crest.

The Garter and motto of the Order, encircle the shields of all
Knights of the Garter. The Knights of the Bath encircle their
shield with a red riband, charged with the motto of the Order. In
like manner, other Orders display the riband, with the badge de-
pending from the riband.

All honourable and official insignia of every kind may be dis-
played with a shield. The official staves of the Earl Marshal
are blazoned and crossed behind his shield.

The helm, wreath, cap, crest, coronet, crown, mantling, sup-
porters, scroll, and motto and badges, are all marshalled with the
shield \ and when thus associated, the group is termed an Achieve-
ment

The Helm is placed either upon the top of the shield, or upon
one corner of it Varieties of the helm are given in another chapter.

The Wreath is a kind of roll, formed by the intexture or twisting
of two coloured silks. It is placed upon the top of the helm.

The Cap is an ancient symbol of dignity, formerly used by
Dukes, and is worn upon the helm.

The Coronet of Peers, and Princes, is placed above the helm.

The Crest is placed above the coronet, and upon the cap, or
wreath.

232

HERALDRY.

The Mantling is displayed, or falls from the back of the helm,
as displayed in No. 209, page 104.

The Supporters are placed on either side of the shield, and
appear in the act of supporting and protecting it.

The Scroll and Motto are placed below the shield, unless the
motto should have any special reference to the crest ; it can then
be placed above the crest.

No. 298.— Queen Philippa of Hainaiu.t.

No. i99.— Edward I., as Prince Royal.

C HAPTER X YI.

CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING.

ARKS of Cadency are certain distinguishing marks or

members and branches of a family, the one from the other. To
prevent the confusion of two men bearing the same arms, the ne-
cessity of distinguishing marks arose : the sons and younger sons
had to resort to some plan of differencing the family arms, without
adopting a fresh one, and these marks of Cadency admitted of an
addition to the shield without altering it.

The ancient rules differ from the modern, and much that is in-
teresting in this subject is obsolete. Originally differences were
made by the addition of a bend, a canton, a bordure, and by the
label ; the latter ancient mode of Differencing is still one of those
employed.

brizures, added to a shield of arms, to distinguish

234

HERALDRY.

Marks of Cadency may be added to a shield as a temporary
distinction, contingent upon the duration, or the change of certain
conditions. The eldest son bears his father’s shield with a dif-
ference ; but when he succeeds, upon the death of his father, to
the family estates and rank, he is permitted to remove the mark
of Cadency, and transfer it to his son.

Permanent marks of Cadency become part of the armorial com-
position of the shield, and distinguish a particular branch of a
family, and are borne by the different individual members of that
branch. It often occurs that more than one mark of Cadency
appears in the same shield ; and it was a practice with the early
heralds to difference their Differences, that is, to mark one mark
of Cadency with another.

Differencing, as distinct from Cadency, is applied to dis-
tinguish the arms of individuals, and families who, without any
tie of blood-relationship, are connected through feudal alliance or
dependency. Differencing is a term also used to denote the
secondary charges by which those shields of arms are dis-
tinguished that bear the same arms.

The Caerlaverock Roll gives an example of both Cadency, and
Differencing, in the shields of Hastings and Paignel. Edmond
DE Hastings bore a maunche gii., with a label of five pomts
vert (or sable). The Earl his brother displays the Hastings
banner or, a maunche gu.

A lady’s sleeve high-spirited Hastings bore.”

John Paignel, a friend and comrade of the brothers De Has-

CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING.

235

TINGS, bears, vert^ a maiinche or. It will be seen that the younger
brother bore a label as a mark of Cadency, but the ally took his
friend’s shield, changing the tincture of both shield and charge
for a Difference.

There are many varieties of Differences ; that most used in
early Heraldry was the bordure in its different modifications.

The earliest bordures were probably plain, but the necessity for
increased changes introduced bordures formed of the ornamental
lines, such as engrailed^ the invected, and indented^ &c.

Differences were also made by a change of tincture, either in
the shield itself or its charges, or by adding some fresh charge of
a comparatively subordinate character. Sometimes the charges
were slightly varied, or one charge was substituted for another
under like conditions.

The Label (No. 78, page 31) was used early in the thirteenth
century as a mark of Cadency. The label is borne with three, and
sometimes with five, points, and they are borne of various tinctures,
and are variously charged with devices as secondary differences.
The label has generally been the mark of Cadency peculiar to the
Royal family, but it has not been exclusively so.

The label or Pile is one of the modern as well as the ancient
differences. The label has many names amongst old heralds,
such as points, tongues, plaites or garments, candles ; but lambeaux
or labels appear to be most used. They are supposed to represent
the tags that hang from deeds to which seals are attached.

During the lifetime of his father, Edward I. charged his shield

236

HERALDRY.

upon his seal, vvith a label, as the recognized heraldic Difference
which should distinguish his own shield as Prince Royal of Eng-
gland, from the shield of the King his father. Prince Edward’s
label is so placed as to form the actual chief of the escutcheon,
and two of its five points lie alternately over and under the tail of
the uppermost lion (No. 299). Edward II., while Prince Royal,
bore the label set lower on the shield, and with longer points.
Edward III., as Prince Royal and Earl of Chester, also bore
a lahel^ arg. John de Laci, Earl of Lincoln, in 1235, displays
upon his counter-seal a label of four points over a bendlet (No.
175, page 60). Another shield, of a little later date, bearing the
same arms, in Westminster Abbey, represents the bendlet sinister^
and the label with four points.

No. 500. No. 301.

The early labels were generally of three, or five points, and some-
times of four; but it is most probable that the number of points
were not then considered important, and there are instances of the
same impaled shield, bearing a label of three points, and a label of
five points, side by side. The seal and counter-seal of Edward II.,
as Prince Royal, have severally labels of three, and five points : and
Henry Plantagenet of Bolingbroke, on one of his seals, a.d.

CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING.

237

1399, bears the arms assigned to the Confessor difterenced with a
label of ^/iree points, impaling France and England quarterly with a
label of five points of Brittany, impaling Lancaster, and this impaled
coat impaling the arms of his first wife Mary de Bohun (No. 303).
These early labels extend across the shield from dexter to sinister ;
they have the ribbon itself very narrow, and the points rather
broader, as in No. 302 A. In the beginning of the sixteenth century
the points or pendants were broadened at the extremity (No.
302 B) ; and in our own time the objectionable dovetail (No.
302 C) was introduced. The latter is generally couped, but the
old form which extends across the shield is preferable. The early

^nr

TISIS

No. 302.

No. 303.

labels were always blazoned in a conspicuous tincture, that is, one
that would contrast with the shield upon which it was charged.

Two early seals of the Nevilles, exemplify the treatment of the
label by the heralds of Henry III. and Edward I. The former
has a label of four points charged upon the chief of the shield ;

2.38

HERALDRY.

but the latter, from the seal of Robert de Neville, about a.d.
1270, bears his label of Jive points in the more usual position.

No. 3C3A. No. 303B.

Labels are frequently differenced with charges ; these charges
are placed upon the points of the label, and sometimes upon one
point only. Labels charged with three ermine spots., three jieurs-de-lis,
&c., placed in pale on each of the points, are of common occur-
rence ; and this arrangement is always implied unless the blazon
specifies otherwise. The following are illustrations of some ex-
amples of the usual arrangement and the exceptions.

No. 300 is from a shield of arms in stained glass at St. Alban’s
Abbey : France ancient and England quarterly, differenced with a
label of three points, having on each point three ermine spots which
are arranged two and one. Two of the Plantagenet shields at
Great Yarmouth have two ermine spots only, on each point of their

CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING.

239

labels (No. 301) ; and a third shield has two torteaiix only, on each
point. One of the shields, on the Burghersh monument, has its
label charged on each point with two fleurs-de-lis, and another with
two ermine spots, while a third has a single red cross upon each
point Upon the stall-plate of George Plantagenet, K.G.,
brother of Edward IV., his label is blazoned with a smgle canton
upon each point, and this same label is repeated in the stained
glass at St. Albans ; and again, Richard Plantagenet, second
son of Edward IV., upon his stall-plate charges a single red can-
ton upon the first poitit only of his silver label. During his father’s
lifetime Richard II. differences his shield with a silver label of
either five, or three points, charged 07i the cetitral point only with
a cross of St. George.

The following examples are from shields not of Royal rank.

In a Roll of H. III. Sir John Lovell, or Lovel, bears on a
label of five points, az., fifteen midlets arg., that is, three mullets on
each point. Sir James Audele, gu.,f'ettee or, a label of Lo?igespee
(on each point of the azure label three lioncels or). His mother
was a daughter of William de Longespee (see his shield. No. 206,
page 97). Sir William Lovel, a label of Valence (the points
barrulee arg. and az., and on each a martlet gu.). Sir Richard
DE LA Vacha, a label of Warrenne.

Roll of E. III. ; James d’Audeley bears gu., a frette or, a
label componee az. a7id arg. ; his cousin bears the same arms, sub-
stituting for the label a bordure arg. ; and Hugh, the head of the
family, bears the frette without any difference. Richard de Grey

240

HERALDRY^

“de Sandiacre,” differences De Grey (No. 127, page 48) with a
label gu., bezantk; and Byron, in like manner (No. 168, page 57),
is differenced with a label az,

Calais Roll: Sir Edward de Montague bears er7u., three
fusils conjoined in fesse gu., a label of three points or, charged on each
point with aii eaglet vert (No. 304).

No, 304.— Shield of Sir Edward de Montague.

Numerous other examples of the label might be given, to show
how generally it was employed as a mark of Cadency in the ear-
liest period of Heraldry, but space will only admit of one or two
more examples.

The Latymers have a small group of labels, which they charge
as distinct marks of Cadency on the same shield. William
LE Latymer (Caer. Roll) bears gu. a cross patonce or. In the
Roll of E. II., another William le Latymer differences this
shield (his cross is blazoned patted) with a label of three pomts
sable, plattee (No. 305) ; and his brother Thomas has his label, also
of three points, az., fieurettee (No. 306). A third I.atymer label

CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING.

241

is sable uncharged. The Roll of Richard II. gives for Thomas
Latymer a plain label az. ; and two other members of the family
difference by charging either five escallops sable or five martlets gules
upon their cross.

No. 305. No. 306.

Arms of William and Thomas le Latymer,

Sometimes two distinct groups of differencing charges appear
upon the same label ; in this case the label has five points, and it
either divides its central point per pale, or allots two points to one
group of charges and three to the other ; thus, on the monument
at King’s Langley, the shield that stands last of the series on the
south side bears France ancient a7id Englaiid quarterly, with a label
of five points in pale of Britta7iy a7id of Fra7ice; points i and 2,
ermine (three. spots on each), and points 3, 4, 5, of Fra7ice (three
fleurs-de-lis on each). No. 370, page 281. The stall-plate of John
Plantagenet, son of Henry IV., is differenced with a similar
label, charged upon France 77ioder7i a7id E7igla7id qua7'terly.

Labels and other marks of Cadency are sometimes assumed as

16

242

HERALDRY.

charges, and in these cases may be transmitted, and may become
hereditary.

The Label of the Courtenays has long ceased to be a difference,^
and has become an integral component of the Courtenay Arms ;
but in the Roll of Henry III., the representatRe of this family
bears or.^ three torteaiix^ without any label. The Courtenay
label is of singular interest, and the varieties used by this family
are sufficient to illustrate the principle, and the usage of early
Cadency. Hugh de Courtenay (Caer. Roll) bears or^ three
torteaux., a label of five points, az.; and from this time the
Courtenay shield is always charged with a label. This Hugh de
Courtenay, the eldest son of another Hugh de Courtenay, and
of Alianore, or Eleanor, le Despencer, was created Earl of
Devon, and married Agnes de St. John, and died in 1340. His
eldest son, Hugh de Courtenay, second Earl of Devon, bears
the uncharged azure label, as it had been borne by his father; he
married Margaret de Bohun, granddaughter of Edward I. The
second son of the first Earl, Robert de Courtenay, bears an
azure label charged with 7iine golden 7nullets ; his mother, it will
be remembered, was a St. John, and the St. Johns bore two
golde7i 77iullets in their arms.

Sir Hugh Courtenay, K.G., the eldest son of the second
Earl, died in his father’s lifetime, having married Elizabeth de
Bryan ; he differences with a label sa., beza7itee. His only son
and heir, Hugh, married Matilda de Holland, of Exeter, and
he differences with a label of Fra7ice, az., fieurettce. (No. 3 03 a.)

CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING.

243

Edward de Courtenay, second son of the second Earl, suc-
ceeded his father as third Earl of Devon; he died in 1419,
having married Maud de Camoys. His son, Edward, bears an
azure label of three pohits, each point changed with a plate. The
Camoys slneld was or, on a chief gti., three plates ; it is, therefore,
clear that his mother’s arms suggested the plates as a mark of
Cadency, as did the mullets of St. John in a proceeding ex-
ample.

Sir Hugh de Courtenay, third (but second surviving) son ot
the second Earl, bears a label with three points az., charged with
nme crescents arg. His son. Sir Edward, bears a label of three
pohits az., charged with 7ivie mullets pierced or. (Brass at Christ
Church Cathedral, Oxford, a.d., 1440.)

The arms ot William de Courtenay, Archbishop of Can-
terbury, fourth son of the second Earl, a.d., 1581-1396, were
or, three torteaux, 07i a label of three pomts az., as 77ia7iy 7nitres arg.,
and these arms the Archbishop bears impaled by those ot the
See of Canterbury. The best explanation that can be given why
the three mitres were adopted by the Archbishop, is probably that
it was because he had previously held three Sees, viz., Hereford,
London, and Canterbury. (No. 303B.)

Sir Philip, fifth son of the second Earl, bears a label of tli7'ee
pomts az., plattee (nine plates). He married Margaret Wake,
and is the direct ancestor of the present Courtenays. His son.
Sir William, charges his silver label with three to7'teaux. The
Wakes bore or., two bars gii., and in chief three to7ieaux ; so it will

16 — 2

244

HERALDRY.

be seen that Sir William’s label affords another example of the
differencing being taken from the mother’s shield.

Sir Peter de Courtenay, K.G., youngest son of the second
Earl of Devon, differences his shield with a label of three points^
sa., charged with nme annulets arg. (Garter-plate, and brass in
Exeter Cathedral). Another Courtenay label is, az., guttee (Tor;
and the sons of Thomas, fifth Earl of Devon, who married
Margaret de Beaufort, difference with a label and a bendlet com-
p07iee arg. and az.

Upon the same principle as that which refers to the label, the
Bordure, the Bend, the Chevron, the Canton, &c., may have
originally served for differences, and in time have become incor-
porated with the paternal shield. A Chief may sometimes have
been added to the shield, and then charged for difference; and
again, with a view to differencing. Ordinaries may have been
cotised ; a chevron or a fesse may have been resolved into a
group of either* chevronels or bars gemelles.

The Canton or Quarter may probably have been added to a
shield, rather as a modified form of Marshalling than as a mark of
Cadency. A canton in early rolls of arms is entitled a “ Quarter.”
The Harfords record the alliance of an heiress of the Scropes
with their house by adding the arms of Scrope to their paternal
shield. A good example occurs in the brass to Anthony Har-
ford, A.D. 1590, at Colwall, in Herefordshire. This shield is thus
blazoned : sa.^ two bends arg., with a cantoji of Sc7'ope, that is, a
ca7ito7i az., charged with a bc7id or. There are rare exceptions.

CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING

245

however, of tlie canton being used as a distinct mark of Ca-
dency.

The Bordure was used by early heralds to mark Cadency, and
we find numerous instances of its being borne by Princes and
persons not of Royal rank. It is, perhaps, better adapted for the
})urpo3e than any Ordinary or charge, as the proportions of the
field are not altered by it. The Bordure of France of John of
Eltham, represented on his monument at Westminster Abbey, is
a beautiful example of both Cadency and Marshalling. The diffe-
renced shields of the Plantagenets, Beauforts, Hollands, and
Tudors furnish good examples of the Bordure.

The bordure was borne both plain and charged. In the Roll of
Henry HI. Fitz-Geoffrey bears quarterly or and giL, a border
vairee. A remarkable bordure was borne by Henry Courtenay,
and by his son Edward, the last two Earls of Devon of their
race. This Henry was the son of William Courtenay (died
1502), and his wife Catherine Plantagenet, youngest daughter
of Edward IV. His arms are quarterly, i (he marks his mother’s
Royal rank by placing the heraldic insignia which represent her in
the first quarter), France modern and E?igland quarterly, differenced
with a bordure quarterly of Engla7td and Fi'a7ice ; 2 and 3, Coiu'- ^
tenay ; 4, Rivers, or a lio7i ra77ipa7it az., ar77ied gu.

In the famous controversy between Richard Scrope, of Bolton,
and Sir Robert Grosvenor, of Cheshire, the Constable and
Marshal of England, in giving sentence (a.d. 1390) in favour of
the claim of Lord Scrope to bear the disputed arms, az,, a bc7id

246

HERALDRY.

or, the sentence went on to authorize Sir Robert Grosvenor to
bear the same arms withm a hordiire argefit, — this concession
being made in consideration of the good presumptive evidence
that had been adduced in support of his claim ; but the King
finally decided, on an appeal to him, that the arms were ex-
clusively those of ScROPE, and that they could not be borne
simply differenced with a bordure by Grosvenor, considering
that ‘‘a bordure is not a sufficient difference between two
strangers in the same kingdom, but only between cousin and
cousin related by blood.” Thus did Richard II. rule that the
bordure is a mark of Cadency distinct from a Difference.

The Archbishops of Canterbury in several instances bore bor-
dures. Thomas Fitz-Alan, or Arundel, Archbishop Cantuar,
A.D. 1396-1414 (son of Robert Fitz-Alan, thirteenth Earl of
Arundel), Fitz-Ala?i and Warrejtne quarterly, within a bordure
engrailed arg. John Stafford, Archbishop, a.d. 1443-1452, or,
on a chevron gu. a mitre arg., the whole withm a bordure sa. In
his official seal, Bishop Henri le Despencer has the shield of
the See of Norwich on the dexter side of his effigy, and on the
sinister side his differenced shield of Le Despencer. This
differenced shield is charged with the Le Despencer arms within
a bordure, upon which are eight mitres. Another example of his
shield represents the bordure charged with fifteen mitres, and it
exemplifies the heraldic feeling at the time, which held the num-
ber of the repetitions of the differencing charges of any shield to
be a matter of indifference. Abbot John de Wheatampstede,

CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING.

247

A.D. 142T-1460, in a shield at St. Albans, bears the arms of the
abbey within a bordure of the Abbot, az., a saltire or, within a ,
bordiwe gu., charged with eight garbs (or wheatsheaves) of the
second.

No, 307. No. 308. No, 309.

The Bend and Bendlet are found to have been used in early
Heraldry for marking Difference. The shield of the Grandisons
in its original simplicity is paly of six, arg. and az.; upon this a
bend gules is charged ; next, upon the bend itself thf'ee golden
eaglets appear (Nos. 307, 308, and 309). These eaglets are then
differenced by the substitution, first, of three escallops, and sub-
sequently of three buckles (No. 312), all or, and finally, John de

248

HERALDRY,

Grandison, Bishop of Exter, a.d. 1327-1369, completes the
group with his shield, having the red bend charged with a silver
mitre betwee?i two golden buckles (No. 311). In the Harl. MS., the
shield of Bishop John de Grandison is blazoned paly of six,
arg. and az., 07i a bend gu., a 7nitre betwee7i two eaglets or (No. 310).

The Chevron, and the Chief, appear to have been more used
as marks of Difference than as marks of Cadency.

Cadency is frequently illustrated by the process of changing the
tincture either of the field, or of the ordinary, or of any other
charge in any heraldic composition : or by simply reversing the
tinctures of the field and the ordinary and other charges. Thus,
in the time of Henry III., the two Furnivals appear bearing,
the one upon a field of gold, and the other upon a field of silver,
the same red bend and the same six martlets, also red. At the
same period the brothers De la Zouche severally bear gules,
beza7itee, and azure, bezantee. The De la Zouches subsequently
further difference their shield by introducing a ca7ito7i ermme, and
also by charging their shield with a label azure, a chevro7i er77iine, a
be7id arg., and by adding a chief er77ii7ie. The De Genevilles,
Seigneurs De Broyes, bear, the elder brother, sa., three breys or
bar7iacles in pale or, a7id 07i a chief er77i. a de77ii-lion ra77ipt. issua7it
gu, and the younger differences the same arms by simply changing
the tincture of the field of his shield from sable to azure. The
Mortimers difference by changing the tincture of their ines-
cutcheon from argent to er77ii7ie (Nos. 296 and 297, page 229).
Hugh De Mortimer, of Chelmarsh, substitutes gules for the

CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING.

249

azure of the original shield. Another instance is given in the
early part of this chapter.

Shields of arms were differenced by means of small charges.
Small crosses were evidently held in especial esteem ; and every
variety of charge is brought into use by the early heralds for dif-
ferencing. These fresh charges are placed either upon the field of
the shield itself, or upon the ordinary, and in the earliest examples
they are almost invariably many times repeated. As a matter of
necessity, these charges would be drawn to so small a comparative
scale, that their presence would not very seriously affect the pri-
mary idea of the original composition. At a later period, the
numbers of the smaller charges are generally reduced so as not to
exceed six, and they are disposed in some regular order ; and thus
these secondary charges become component members of the
heraldic composition in which they appear. Later still — that is
to say, about the middle of the fourteenth century — single small
charges begin to be used, under special circumstances, for diffe-
rence. It will be remembered that the term “ Cadency applies
only to the differencing of the shields of several members either
of the same family or of different branches of the same family ; at
the same time it is obvious that by a change of tinctures, by fresh
combinations, and by the introduction of various minor charges, a
series of shields, all bearing the same ordinary, may be effectually
“ differenced ” for different families who may be allied without any
blood relationship, or between whom there exists no alliance what-

ever.

250

HERALDRY.

The Beauchamp arms are blazoned in the first Roll of Henry III.
One shield is simply vairee^ a second is quarterly arg. afid sa. ; and
in the Caer. Roll the arms of Guy Beauchamp, Earl of War-
wick, are blazoned, gu., semee of cross/eE, a fesse or, and a banner
of Beauchamp, is gu., a fesse betweeji six 7?iartlets or. Early in
the fourteenth century the crosslets were reduced to the same
number, and in the Garter-plates, and the Beauchamp monu-
ments at Warwick, Src., the Earls of Warwick bear the six
golden crosslets. Sir John De Beauchamp, K.G., brother of the
Earl, differences his shield by charging a crescent sable upon his
fesse (Calais Roll and Roll of Rich. II.). In other shields of
the members of different branches of this family, six crescents, or
the same number of billets, all of gold, are blazoned with a golden
fesse upon a red field.

The Hamiltons, who are descended from the ancient family of
De Bellamont, bear three cinquefoils instead of ojie as a mark of
Cadency. The Cliffords bear, in the Roll of Henry HI.,
chequee or a7id az., a be7id gu. One Walter Clifford bears these
arms, and his brother Richard bears the same, differenced with a
ca7iton gu., charged 7vith a lio7t, or. Walter’s eldest son, Walter,
bears the same arms as his father; but the second son, Roger,
bears a fesse instead of abend. Richard’s son. Sir Hugh, bears
the original arms differenced with three lions or.

The Cobh AMS bear gu., a chevro7i or. In the Calais Roll this
shield, without doubt the original shield of his family, is assigned
to Sir John de Cobham, but with the addition of a silver label.

CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING.

251

A second Sir John de Cobham charges the chevron with three
lioncels rampant sa. ; Sir Reginald differences by substituting
three estoiles pierced, of the same tincture, for the three lioncels ;
another Sir John, a.d. 1420, charges golden ehevro7i with three^^
eaglets sable; and other Cobhams carry out the system of severally
charging their chevron, which is always golden, with either three
crosslets, or three fleiirs-de-lis, or three crescents, or three ma7ilcts, all
sable; Rauf de Cobham adds an estoile for a secondary difference,
7C'ith his crosslets.

Crosslets were evidently the favourite charges for marking early
Cadency; Martlets and Mullets were held nearly in the same
esteem. In his celebrated brass, a.d. 1275, Roger de Trumping-
DON bears on his shield az., crusilee, two t7'U77ipets m pile, or. The
arms of De Lucy are^//., three lucks hau7'ie7it ki fesse, arg,^ (Roll H.
III). This shield is differenced by substituting, or for a7g., and
powdering the field with c7'osslets, first of silver and then of gold.
Thomas Bardolph has an azure shield, crusilee, a cmquefoil or; —
his elder brother William Bardolph, az., tlwee cmquefoils, or.

The Berkeleys’ red shield, with their chevron variously tinctured,
appears in the early rolls powdered with either silver crosses pattees,
silver crosses crosslets, silver cmquefoils, or silver roses. In the roll
of H. III. Maurice de Barkele bears simply^//., a chevro7i a7g.
Camden remarks that “ Lord Berkeley, who first bore gules, a
chevron argent, after serving in the Holy Wars, added ten crosses
pattee to his shield.”

At Caerlaverock the brothers Bassett, who both bear e7in., a

252

HERALDRY.

chief indented gu., difference their shields by severally charging
their chiefs with three mullets and three escallops or.

The Martlets that are charged upon the shield attributed to
The Confessor, have been assumed by Mr. Planche to have been
derived from the impress of the pennies of the last Saxon Edward,
which are stamped with a plain cross between four doves. The orle
of martlets in the shields of William and Aymer de Valence, is
another familiar example of the use of the martlet as a mark of
Cadency. The paternal shield of these distinguished Barons, was
simply harruly (the bars sans nombre) arg.^ and az. The beautiful
heraldic Chample've enamel shield of Earl William on his monu-
ment in Westminster Abbey, is an example of artistic work worthy
of any age.

Many instances of the Fleur-de-lis charged as a difference
appear. It is probable that the fleurs-de-lis in the arms of France
were designed to mark a difference from a kindred shield charged
with a single fleur-de-lis. On the seal of Philip II. (Augustus)
King of France, ii8o, the King is represented seated, holding
in the sinister hand a sceptre, surmounted with a fleur-de-lis^ and
in the dexter hand a fleur-de-lis. On the reverse of the seal is an
oval impression containing one fleur-de-lis.

Numerous coats of arms are charged with the fleur-de-lis,
probably owing to the wars with France. In the arms of Sir
Cloudesley Shovel there is o?ie fleur-de-lis which was granted in
honour of a victory over the French.

A remarkable incised monumental slab at Abergavenny has a

CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING.

253

shield charged with three large fleurs-de-lis. The shield of the
De Cantelupes furnishes a curious instance of the fleur-de-lis,
which has been placed in strange association with lion’s faces,
evidently with a view to compound two coats.

Roundels, Annulets, Crescents, &c., were used with other
charges for differencing.

IP

No. 313. No. 314. No. 315. No. 316.

IP

No. 317. No. 318. No. 319. No. 320.

IP

No. 321. No. 322. No. 323.

Differenced Shields of Neville of Raby.

The shields of the Neville family alone would suffice to illus-
trate the system of Cadency. Above are some of the diffe-

254

HERALDRY.

renced shields of one branch of the family, the Nevilles of
Raby. Sir John Neville, K.G., in his Garter-plate bears ^2/., a
saltire arg., charged with a label of three poUits compoJiee, arg. and
az.; another Neville, Lord Latymer, charges a pellet upon his
silver saltire for difference, and another Peer of the same family,
Neville, Lord Bergavenny, differences his saltire with a rose gu.
No less than eight other differences of the simple shield of Neville
of Raby are found to have been assumed to distinguish the various
branches of that powerful and far-spreading house (Nos. 313 to
323). Thus the entire group of these Neville differences are
three labels^ the crescetit^ ma?'tlet, mullet^ fleur-de-lis, cinquefoil, rose,
pellet, and two mterlaced annulets, forming a gimmel-ring, all of them
charged upon the silver saltire. The branch which adopted the
rose as a difference is now the most important.

As the fifteenth century advanced, instances of Cadency marked
by a single small charge increase in number. Numerous examples
of a crescent, a mullet, and a martlet appear.

There is little doubt that, if it could be traced, some good reason
might be found for every charge on the early shields that was
employed as a difference. Honours, alliances, victories had their
share in suggesting particular marks, and the early heralds assigned
those devices that bore some special significance.

Modern Cadency in its general character differs very little from
that of the fifteenth century, but the present order of arrangement
may not perhaps be considered to have been recognized earlier
than the sixteenth century.

CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING.

255

The following charges are borne by the sons upon the paternal
arms in the following order of precedence :

No. 324. No 325. No. 326. No. 327. No. 328. No. 329. No. 330. No. 331. No. 332.

I. The Label (No. 324), by the eldest son (during his father’s

These marks are generally placed upon the honour point of the
shield, or in chief. The first son of the first son, may charge his
label with a label, and the second son with a crescent. The first
son of the second son may charge his crescent with a label ; and
so on.

Royal Cadency, as will be seen hereafter, is marked exclusively
with a label, and each Prince and Princess charges his, or her
label with a difference. Daughters, except of the Royal Family,
do not difference their paternal arms, unless a difference of the
paternal arms has become permanent, as in the shield of the
Courtenays.

Marks of Cadency also include marks of Difference to denote

lifetime).

2. The Crescent (No. 325)

3. The Mullet (No. 326)

4. The Martlet (No. 327) .

5. The Annulet (No. 328) .

6. The Fleur-de-lis (No. 329)

7. The Rose (No. 330)

by the second son.
,, third son.

,, fourth son.

,, fifth son.

,, sixth son.

„ seventh son.
„ eighth son.

„ ninth son.

8. The Cross Moline (No. 331) .

9. The Double Quatrefoil (No. 332) .

256

HERALDRY.

illegitimacy. In early coats the same system of Differencing was
employed by the natural, as by the legitimate sons. In the
fifteenth century, the paternal shield was sometimes borne upon
a fesse or a bend by illegitimate sons.

Sir Roger de Clarendon, son of the Black Prince, bore
or, oti a hend sa., three ostrich feathers, labelled, arg. His near
kinsman, the son of John of Ghent, John de Beaufort, before
the act of legitimation in 1397, bore a similar parody of the arms
of his father, per pale arg. and az., on a bend gii., three lions of Eng-

No. 333. — Ralph de Arundel.

land, ensigned with a label of Fra^ice. The tinctures of the field,
argent and azure, were the livery colours of the Lancastrian Plan-
TAGENETS. JoHN DE Beaufort afterwards retained these same
tinctures in his bordure compony. Ralph de Arundel, a natural
son of one of the Fitz-Alans, bears the shield of Fitz-Alan,
flajiched arg. ; that is, a shield arg., haidfig flanches of Fitz-Alaii and
Warrenne quarte7 ly, as they were quartered by the Earls (No. 333.)

CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING.

257

The Difference for illegitimate descendants of the Royal Family
has been, since the fifteenth century, a bendlet or baton sinister.
It was borne by Arthur, Viscount LisLir, son of Edward IV. ;
by Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond, son of Henry VIII. ;
and by all the illegitimate descendants of Charles II., excepting
the Duke of Richmond, who differenced with a bordure. At
the present day, the baton of the Duke of Saint Albans is gii.^
charged with three white roses arg. ; that of the Duke of Cleve-
land is ermme; and that of the Duke of Grafton is compony
arg. and az. The Duke of Buccleuch also bears the Royal
arms, differenced with a baton sinister argent.

The term given to this section of Cadency by some writers is
Abatement. With the exception of these illegitimate distinctions,
no marks of Abatement are borne in coat armour. Arms are ne-
cessarily honourable records, and therefore any abatement, other
than marking illegitimacy, would be a contradiction of the purpose
for which arms were designed.

Differencing was not exclusively confined to the shield, but was
extended to the mantling, crests, supporters, and badges. The
achievement of Sir John Daubygne (No. 209, page 104), is an
interesting example of a differenced mantling; and some of the
Windsor Garter-plates afford other good examples.

The mantling of George Plantagenet, K.G., Duke of Cla-
rence, is semee of the white roses of the house of York (No. 334).
No. 336 represents the mantling of Henry Bourchier, K.G.,
Earl of Essex, who died in 1483 : here the crimson mantling

IV

258

HERALDRY.

itself is billetee or, and the lining is semee of S7nall water-bougets
sable (Garter-plate, and brass at Little Easton in Essex). The
mantling of John Bourchier, K.G., Lord Berners (died 1449),
is also billetee, and its lining is semee alterjiately of Boui'chier-k7iots
and water-bojigets. Sir R. Harcourt, K.G., has his ermine-lined
mantling semee of quatrefoils, and the mantling of Earl Rivers,
the father-in-law of Edward IV., is semee of t7'ef oils (No. 335).

In the instance of animals, the marks of Cadency are sometimes
charged upon their shoulders, or they are seme'e with them ; and
sometimes the marks are formed into collars. The lion crest of
Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Dorset, is represented as gorged

CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING.

259

about the throat with a Q,oVid,x co7?ipony erm. and az. as the bordure of
his shield ; and the lion crest of his father, John Beaufort, K.G.,
Duke of Somerset, has a collar compoiiy arg. and az.. In like
manner, the shield of Sir Thomas Lancaster (Calais Roll) bears
gn.., a Imi rampt. guard, or, gorged with a collar of France (a blue
collar charged with three golden fleurs-de-lis). The Royal lion upon
the helm of the Black Prince is gorged with his silver label 5
and many instances occur of lion crests of the Plantagenets
being charged with a label. These labels appear on the lions
after the manner of bands or frills.

Numerous instances of Cadency may be found on reference to
the Peerage. The crescent of Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury,
and of the Earl of Stanhope ; the 77iiillet of the Howards, Earls
OF Carlisle and Effingham ; the 77iartlet of Brudenell, Earl
OF Cardigan, and of Murray, Lord Elibank ; the a7i7iidet of
the Earl of Abingdon; the rose of Neville, Earl of Aber-
gavenny, are among some of the examples. The arms of the
Earl of Eldon are differenced with a 77itdlet, to show that they
were first borne by the younger of the two illustrious legal brothers,
William and John Scott, and by the third son of their father.
In like manner, a Tnidlet upon the shield of the Duke of Wel-
lington shows that the Duke was the third son of the Earl of
Mornington.

The marks of Cadency of the Plantagenet, and Tudor Princes,
will be alluded to in the chapter on “Royal Heraldry.” Space
will not admit of fhis subject being treated to the fullest extent, but

17 — 2

26o

HERALDRY.

the miscellaneous examples given, will illustrate the principle of
Cadency, and will form a groundwork for the student, who will find
other examples in abundance, equally characteristic, and interesting.

The examples of Cadency given in this chapter, have been more
numerous than those of Difference, not because the former is of
more interest than the latter, but because Differencing belongs
more to the antiquarian, and less to the modern student than
Cadency. The example given in the early part of the chapter of
John Paignel’s arms is, however, a typical specimen which fully
exemplifies the system of Differencing, as distinct from Cadency.
One more instance may be given, that of the shield of the Prince
OF Wales, who bears, as Earl of Chester, three garbs or wheat-
sheaves. Mr. Planche says, ‘‘one or more garbs are seen in the
majority of coats belonging to the nobility, and gentry, of the
County Palatine of Chester.” As the same arms have been borne
by the Earls of Chester since the thirteenth century, and as the
arms of these noblemen and gentlemen are of very early date, it
is evident that these differenced garbs must have been the result
of some feudal connection.

The Rolls of Arms show clearly that many distinguished families
holding feudal tenure differenced the arms of their lord. Originally,
great nobles granted arms, and men to whom land was granted,
sometimes adopted the arms of the noblemen making such grants,
adding some charge of distinction, or difference to the shield. Cam-
den mentions many instances of families, who having held a manor
by knight’s service, illustrated this upon their armorial bearings.

No. 337.— Crown from the Monument of Margaret, Countess of Richmond,
A.D. 1509. Westminster Abbey.

CHAPTER XVII.

CROWNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES, &C.

ROWNS in ancient times were garlands of leaves. The

diadem was a fillet of silk, or other material, and was the

distinguishing ornament of Kings. The Crown of modern times
superseded the diadem rather than the ancient crown, and it is,
throughout Europe, the emblem and ensign of sovereignty.

The history of the various crowns of England forms an important
chapter in the annals of Heraldry. The earliest crowns of this
country, were probably simple circles of gold, adorned, or heightened
with leaves, probably of the oak-tree, which was held in great
veneration by our ancestors. After the Conquest, the simple design
developed into a richly jewelled circle of gold, variously adorned
with leaves. The crown worn by the English Kings is exemplified

ROYAL CROWNS AND CORONETS.

262

HERALDRY.

in the effigies of Henry II. and his Queen Alianore; of Richard
I. and Isabella of Angouleme, at Fontevraud ; of Berengaria,
at L’Espan, near Mans ; and of John, at Worcester. These
sculptured crowns are all much mutilated, but still they plainly
declare their original character.

The effigies of Henry HI. and Alianore of Castile, have
crowns of trefoil-leaves of two sizes, a slightly raised point inter-
vening between each pair of the leaves, as in No. 189, page 75.
The crown of Edward I. differed little from that of his father.

No. 338.— Crown of Edward II. No. 339.— Crown of Henry IV., Canterbury.

The crown of Edward II. , (No. 338) taken from his effigy at
Gloucester, is formed of four large, and four small strawberry-leaves,
rising with graceful curves from the jewelled circlet, and having
eight small flowers alternating with the leaves.

During the reigns of Edward HI. and Richard II., the crown
remained without alteration ; but at the accession of the first
Lancastrian Sovereign, Henry IV., it was of the most elaborate
design and workmanship. The sculptured effigies of this Prince
and his Queen Joanna, at Canterbury, wear magnificent crowns

CROWNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES, &-c. 263

(No. 339). Both are of similar character, but that of the Queen
is of smaller size and more delicate construction. These sculp-
tured images, may be supposed to be faithful representations of
the splendid “ Harry Crown,” broken up, and employed as security
for the loan required by Henry V., when about to embark for
France. Rymer records that the costly fragments were redeemed
in the eighth and ninth years of Henry VI.

No. 340. — Crown of Henry VII., No. 341. — Imperial Crown.

King’s College Chapel, Cambridge.

Henry V. introduced the arched crown, that is, the enriched
circlet was arched over with jewelled bands of gold, and a mound
and cross surmounted the enclosed diadem. The arched crown
of Henry V. has two arches, intersecting each other at right
angles above the centre of the crown. In the crown of Henry
VI. the arches are numerous, but in that of Henry VII. the two
arches only appear (No. 340).

The arched crown, at first, has the arches elevated almost to a

264

HERALDRY.

point, after a while they are somewhat depressed, then this de-
pression is greatly increased.

The Crown remained without any change during the reigns of
Edward VL, Mary, and Elizabeth. The crown of the Stuart
Sovereigns, James I. and Charles I., has four arches. The
crown of Charles II., James II., and Anne, had two arches,

No. 342.— State C«own’of Her Majesty the Queen.

and that number nas since remained unchanged. Thus the crown
is brought to assume the character shown in No. 341, which has
four crosses patte'es, and four fleurs-de-lis, set alternately on the
circlet, and two pearl-studded arches, which rise from within the
crosses, and are surmounted by a mound signifying the world,
which in its turn becomes subjected to the cross.

The State crown, made for the coronation of Her Majesty

CROWNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES, &-c. 265

THE Queen, and which is used on occasions of high State cere-
monial, differs from the preceding, principally in enrichment.
The arches, which are formed of wreaths of roses, thistles, and
shamirocks, are composed of brilliants, and are elevated at the
intersection rather than depressed. The crown is completely
covered with diamonds, and is also richly studded with various
other costly gems (No. 342).

The heraldic crown inclines to a type of an earlier time. This

No. 343.— Coronet of the late No. 344.— Prussian Crown.

Prince Consort.

heraldic crown of Her Majesty is represented on page 278,
No. 368.

The Coronet of H.R.H. Albert, the late Prince Consort
(No. 343), has four arches; these arches rise from strawberry-
leaves. This is not unlike the Prussian crown, which is illustrated
for comparison, excepting -that the latter has not a cap.

The coronet of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, has one arch
only, which rises from a jewelled circlet. The cap is of crimson
velvet (No. 345). The Prince of Wales also bears, as the

266

HERALDRY.

ensign of that Principality, a jewelled circlet heightened with four
crosses patte'es and as many fleurs-de-lis, which enclose a plume
of three ostrich feathers. Below, on a ribbon, the motto, “ Ich
Dietr (No. 375, page 278).

No. 345.— Coronet of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales,

The Coronets of the other Princes, the sons of the Queen, and
of the Princesses, the daughters of Her Majesty, are formed of
a circle of gold, surrounded with four fleurs-de-lis and four crosses
pattees ; there is no arched diadem, and the velvet cap is sur-
mounted with a golden tassel.

The coronet of nephews of the blood Royal consists of a circle
of gold, surmounted with four strawberry-leaves, and four crosses
patte'es.

The coronets of Princes, and Princesses, the grandsons, and
and granddaughters of the Sovereign, have the circle of gold
heightened by two crosses pattees, four fleurs-de-lis, and two
strawberry-leaves.

The coronets of the Royal cousins of the Sovereign have only
crosses and strawberry-leaves.

CA'OIVNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES, &-c. 267

The monumental effigies, and monuments of the middle ages
furnish some beautiful examples of crowns and coronets. No.
337> page 261, is a crown from a monument of Margaret,
Countess of Richmond, a.d. 1509, Westminster Abbey.

CORONETS OF THE NOBILITY.

The coronet of a Duke consists of a chased circle of gold,
heightened by eight strawberry-leaves, a cap of crimson velvet,
with a golden tassel, and guarded with ermine. In representations
five only of the leaves are shown (No. 346). The effigy of the

No. 346. — Duke’s Coronet. No. 347. — Marquess’s Coronet.

Black Prince, a.d. 1376, at Canterbury, exhibits on the basinet
what may have been the prototype of the Duke’s strawberry-leaf
coronet : from the circle there rise sixteen leaves, with a second
series of the same number and smaller size alternating with the
larger ones (No. 427, page 327). The coronet of a Marquess, or
Marquis is a chased circlet of gold ; on its upper rim are set four
low points, surmounted by four heraldic pearls or balls of silver,
alternating with four strawberry -leaves, all of the same height.

268

HERALDRY.

Three of the leaves, and two of the pearls only, are exhibited in
representations. The cap is of crimson velvet, and has a golden
tassel (No. 347). The first Marquess in England was Robert
De Vere, Earl of Oxford, who, by Richard II., a.d. 1387,
was created Marquess of Dublin.

The coronet of an Earl consists of a chased circlet of gold,
heightened by eight lofty rays, on -which are set eight pearls;
also between each pair of rays, at their bases, is a golden straw-
berry-leaf one-fourth of the height of the rays. In representations
five of the pearls and four of the leaves are seen. The cap is of
crimson, with a golden tassel (No. 348).

The coronets worn by the Earls, and Countesses of the middle
ages, and which are represented on some of the beautiful monu-
mental effigies, are very interesting. The crest of Richard
Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, rises from a plain circlet, sur-
mounted by pearls, but without strawberry-leaves. The Earl
and Countess of Arundel, at Arundel, early in the fifteenth

No. 348.— Earl’s Coronet.

No. 349. — Coronet of Thomas Fitzalan,
Earl of Arundel, a.d. 1445.

CROWNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES, &-c. 269

century, have remarkably rich coronets ; the Earl’s has a series of
leaves and of clusters of three small balls alternating, all of them
equally raised to a considerable height (No. 349). In the coronet of
the Countess the raised groups are set alternately with single balls
that are less elevated. No. 350 represents the coronets of another
Earl and Countess of Arundel. These are formed entirely of
conventional architectural leaves of the period.

No. 350.— Earl and Countess of Arundel, a.d. 1487.

The coronet of a Viscount has a row of twelve, fourteen, or
sixteen pearls, set upon a circle of gold. In representations, nine
of these pearls are shown (No. 351). The privilege of wearing

No. 351.— Viscount’s Coronet. No. 352.— Baron’s Coronet.

coronets was first granted to Viscounts by King James I. The
cap is of crimson and the tassel of gold.

The coronet of a Baron consists of a circle of gold, surmounted

270

HERALDRY.

by six pearls larger than those of a Viscount’s coronet, and not
placed in contact with each other, and a velvet cap and tassel of
gold (No. 352). This coronet was first granted by Charles II.,
at the Restoration, before which the Barons wore plain gold circles.

The Coronet is worn by Peers on the occasion of the coronation
of the Sovereign. In comparatively modern times, they have been
made to enclose a velvet cap, lined with ermine, and surmounted
with a golden tassel ; but revived good taste is now generally dis-
carding the velvet cap.

The coronets. Nos. 346, 347, 348, 351 and 352, are the com-
monly accepted forms of these symbols ; but a more artistic style
of design, and more in accordance with true heraldic feeling, is
beginning to prevail.

HERALDIC CROWNS, CORONETS, AND CAPS.

Varieties and modifications of ancient crowns, and also of the
Duke’s coronet, are used as heraldic accessories, and are sometimes

borne as charges. The latter is called a Ducal Coronet^ or a Crest
Coronet (No. 353). This was probably derived from the coronet-
like enrichment of helms, as appears in many of the existing
monumental effigies of the middle ages.

CROWNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES,

271

This coronet, although blazoned a ducal cororiet, has no reference
to ducal, or to any other rank. In form it bears a close resemblance
to the crowns of Henry III. (No. 189, page 75) and Alianore
of Castile.

When borne as a charge, this form is generally drawn. The
arms of the See of Ely are gic., three ducal crowns, or coronets or.
Those of the See of Bristol are sa., three ducal crowns in pale, or.
One of the shields on the beautiful chantry of Abbot Wheat-
HAMPSTEADE, A.D. 1460, is charged with tJi7'ee crowfis, two and one.
The crowns are excellent early examples, having their circlets
heightened with alternate C7’osses pattees a7id fieurs-de-lis (No. 354).

No. 354.— Example of Crown, Abbey Church of St. Albans.

Crowns are frequently used with crests, and crests often issue
from them or are placed upon them. The crest of the Earl of
Perth and Mel ford is 07i a ducal co7'07iet a sleuth-hound ppr.,

272

HERALDRY.

collared and leashed gu. The crest of the Earl of Pomfret is
out oj a ducal coronet, gold, a cocRs head gu., crested and wattled or.
Beasts and birds, when used as crests, or supporters, are gorged
with a ducal coro7iet. One of the supporters of the Earl Beau-
champ is a swan gorged with a ducal coronet.

The Mural Crown is a circle of gold embattled, and it is asso-
ciated with military success in sieges (No. 355). It is borne by
Baron Seaton both as a crest and charge, and it is often granted
as a crest of augmentation.

No. 355.— Mural Crown. No. 356.— Naval Crown. ^

The Naval Crown is a golden circle surmounted with sterns
and square sails of ships, placed alternately (No. 356). The Naval
Crown was granted to Earl Nelson as an honourable augmenta-
tion to his arms.

No. 357.— Crown Vallary. No. 358.— Eastern Crown.

The Crown Vallary is a circlet of gold, with palisades fixed to
the rim and rising above it (No. 357).

The Eastern Crown, called also the Radiated and the A7itique

C/^OWA^S, CORONETS, CAPS, MURES, 6-v.

273

crown (No. 358), is borne both as a crest and as a charge. The
family of Grant, of Kilgraston, Co. Perth, bear as charges three
antique crowns.

There are other crowns and caps used in Heraldry, which are
difficult to place exactly according to their rank of precedence.
The varieties of Mitres too, should, strictly, precede some of the
before -mentioned crowns, but for clearness, and to prevent confu-
sion, they are arranged in a group by themselves.

No. 359.— Crest and Cap of Maintenance of Lord Dynham, K.G.

The Cardinal’s Hat is the scarlet hat given to Cardinals by
the Pope’s own hands, after the cap has been given or sent by a
special messenger. Thus it happens, sometimes, that Cardinals,
who do not visit Rome, never receive the hat \ but an exception
is made in favour of Royal houses, to whom the hat may be sent.
The hat is broad-brimmed and very low in the crown, and of a
scarlet colour, with two large triangular tassels, themselves made

18

274

HERALDRY.

of smaller tassels. It appears above certain shields of arms of
the middle ages.

The Cap of Maintenance was an early symbol of high dignity
and rank ; it is still retained in use, and is occasionally placed
beneath modern crests in place of the customary wreath. It is of
crimson velvet, and guarded with ermine. The example (No.

^ 359) is drawn from the Garter-plate of Lord Dynham, K.G., at
Windsor, who died a.d. 1501. The Cap of Maintenance or
Estate did not originally belong to any but nobles, but it is
now granted to gentlemen, and is borne, as the ducal coronet,
irrespective of rank.

MITRES.

The Mitre is the ensign of Archiepiscopal and Episcopal rank
and dignity ; by the Archbishops and Bishops of the Anglican
Church it Is allowed to be used for every purpose but that for

No. 360. — Archbishop Cranley, a.d. 1407. No. 361. — Bishop Goodryke, a.d. 1554.

which it was first designed, and it is worn only by Prelates of
the Roman Church. In representations of the arms of Prelates

CROWNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES, &-c.

275

and their Sees, the Mitre, as a badge of office, is placed above the
shield.

The contour of the Mitre underwent several changes in the
middle ages. At first, very low, simple, and concave in outline,
and later more elevated and convex. No. 360 is an example from
the brass to Archbishop Cranley, a.d. 1407, at Oxford. This
and all other mitres are cleft from the summit downwards ; and
two infiilse, or ribbons fringed at the ends, depend from them.
No. 361 is from the brass of Bishop Goodryke, a.d. 1554, at
Ely. The next example assumes the convex form; this is from
the monument of Archbishop Samuel Harnsett, a.d. 1631, at
Chigwell, Essex,

The mitres of Archbishops are now generally represented rising
from ducal coronets, as in No. 363. Much difference of opinion
exists as to the correct use of the ducal coronet, and many eminent

18 — 2

276

HERALDRY.

heralds object to its use. The Bishops of Durham, as nominally
Counts Palatine of the County of Durham, as well as Bishops of
the See, had their mitres rising from a similar coronet, as in No. 364.

Many curious examples of mitres with coronets, feathers, and
crests appear on the seals of Thomas de Hatfield, a.d. 1345 \
of John de Fordham, 1382 ; and on the monument of Thomas
Ruthal, 1520.

The mitres of Bishops are now usually represented as No. 365,
but there is no reason why the earlier and more elegant forms
should not again be employed.

Mitres are used as charges and for differencing, as in the ex-
amples Nos. 310 and 311, page 247.

The Imperial crown of Austria greatly resembles the Episcopal
mitre, and for comparison is illustrated (No. 366). The arms of
the Emperor Francis of Austria, K.G., are blazoned on his
Garter-plate at Windsor.

No 364.— Bishop of Durham.

No. 365 — Bishop (Modern).

CROWNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES, &-c.

277

No. 366. — Imperial Crown of Austria.

The Crown of the Kings-of-Arms (No. 367), piaced at the
end of this chapter, is composed of sixteen oak-leaves set erect
upon a golden circle, nine of which leaves appear in representa-
tions. The crown encloses a cap of crimson satin, turned up with
ermine, and it is surmounted by a golden tassel ; and in the circle
itself is the legend, Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam miseri-
cordiam tuamP

No. 367. — Crown of Herald Kings-of-Arms.

No. 368. — Her Majesty Queen Victoria.

CHAPTER XVIII.

ROYAL HERALDRY. — ARMS OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF
ENGLAND.

The shields of the early Norman Kings of pMigland are of
questionable authenticity, and may have been assigned to
them by the heralds of a later period, as they were to the Saxon
Princes. P'or instance, the arms of Edward the Confessor,
azure, a cross fleurie, between Jive martlets or. must have been as-

ROYAL HERALDRY.

279

signed to him many years after his death, since the Royal Heraldry
of England unquestionably dates its origin from a period subsequent
to the Conquest.

Many beautiful examples remain of the shield of the Confessor,
in Westminster Abbey, Luton Church, Beds., Westminster Hall,
&c. These examples differ only in the fonu of the cross, which
is sometimes blazoned fleurie, fleurettee, and pafonu. This coat of
arms was impaled by Richard II., and it was granted by him to-
some of his near kinsmen. Thus, the arms of the Confessor
were granted to Thomas Holland, to be impaled to the dexter
within a hordiire ermine.

William I. is said to have assumed the ‘Hwo golden lions, or
leopards, of his Norman Duchy,” and these were borne by Wil-
liam II., Henry I., and Stephen. We should now blazon their
shield thus : gii.^ huo lions pass, guard.., in pale, or. Stephen is said
to have borne on a red shield three golden ce7itaurs armed with bows
and arrows ; but this idea may have arisen from the “ Sagittary ”
having been Stephen’s badge.

The Plantagenets, Henry II., Richard I., John, Henry HI.,
Edward L, Edward II., and Edward HI. till the thirteenth year
of his reign, a.d. 1154 — 1340, bore gu., three lions pass, guard., in
pale, or. (No. 189, page 75.)

The three lions appear on the second great seal of Richard I.,
on the great seals of John, Henry IIP, Edward I., and of
Edward II., and on the first and second great seals of Edward HI.
The second great seal of Henry HI. for the first time bears the

28o

HERALDRY.

words “ DEI : gratia : anglie : rex : ” &c. These arms were also
borne by the various Royal branches with the marks of cadency
as in the shield of Henrv of Lancaster, England^ differenced with
an azure hendlet (No. 369).

No. 369.— Hekry, second Son of Edmond, first Earl of Lancaster.

The Royal arms of the French Kings (No. 207, page 100) were
introduced into the English shield a.d. 1340, by Edward III., in
consequence of his claim to be King of France ; he quartered the
shield and placed the French arms in the first and fourth quarter,
and the English lions in the second and third. This is blazoned
Fra?ice a7icie7it a7id E7igla7id quarterly (No. 370).

Richard II., upon his great seal, retained the arms of his
grandfather without any change, but elsewhere he generally associ-
ated with them, the ariHs attributed to Edward the Confessor.

About the year 1365, Charles V. of France reduced the num-
ber of the fleurs-de-lis in his arms to three only. Henry IV. effected
the same change in the first and fourth quarters of the arms of

ROYAL HERALDRY.

281

England. THis modification, which bears three fleurs-de-lis only,
is styled in Heraldry ^’■France modern^^ and thus is distinguished
from the shield semee de lis, or Fra?ice aficientA Henry IV.
before his accession bore France ancient (No. 370).

No. 370. —Shield bok.ne hy Henry Plantagenet of Bolingbroke, a d. 1399.

Henry V. bore France modeni and Engia?id quarterly, as
Henry IV. No. 371 is an illustration of the shield of Henry V.
as Prince of Wales, from his stall-plate in St. George’s Chapel,
Windsor. This bears the label as a mark of cadency.

Henry VI., Edward IV., Edward V., and Richard HI. ;
and the Tudor Sovereigns, Henry VII., Henry VI II., Edward
VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, all bore the same arms, viz.,
quarterly: — i and 4, France modern; 2 a7id 3, England; but
Elizabeth sometimes also bore Ireland.

282

HERALDRY.

No. 371.— Shield of Henry V. as Prince of Wales.

James I. incorporated into the Royal shield, the arms of both
Scotland and Ireland. The arms of the former are or^ within a
double tressure flory counter-flory\ a lion rampant gu. ; those of the
latter are azure, a harp or, stringed argent. The arrangement
adopted to introduce these two coats involved quarterly quarter-
ing, as No. 35, page 18. The original shield (France and Eng-
land) occupied the four divisions A and D, Scotland the division
B, and Ireland that of C.

Charles I., Charles II., and James II. bore the same shield
as James I., and it was thus blazoned: quarterly: — \st and ^th
grand quarters, France modern and England quarterly ; 2nd grand
quarter, Scotland , ^rd grand quarter, Ireland.

William III. retained the same shield, but, as an elected
Sovereign, he placed upon it, in pretence, his paternal arms of

ROYAL HERALDRY.

283

Nassau, az.., hilletee., a lio7i rampant or. Mary, his consort, bore
the Stuart shield; and, during her lifetime, the Royal arms
appeared impaled, to denote the joint sovereignty of the King
and Queen. The Royal shield, accordingly, was charged on
both the dexter and sinister half with the same Stuart arms,
those on the dexter having Nassau in pretence. After the death
of Mary, William discontinued the impaled shield.

Anne, until May i, 1707, bore the shield of her predecessor
(excepting Nassau in pretence) ; but after the union with Scot-
land, another change took place, and it was quarteypy : — i and 4,
E?igla7id hnpalmg Scotland ; 2, Fra7tce 77ioder7i ; 3, I7'da7id.

George I. on his accession made it necessary to assign a place
in the Royal shield for the arms of Hanover, which are thus
blazoned pale a7id per chevro7i: i, gules, two lio7is passa7it

guarda7it, hi pale, or, for Brunswick (the same as the Norman
shield of England) ; 2, or, semee of hea7'ts, a lio7i ra77ipa7it, azure,
for Lunenburgh ; 3, gules a horse coura7it arge7it, for Westphalia ;
a7id, over all, a7i i7iescutcheo7i gules, cha7ged with the golden crown
of Charlemagne. The Royal shield, after incorporating the
Hanovarian arms, was blazoned — (Quarterly: — i, E7igla7id h7i-
palhig Scotla7id ; 2, Fra7ice; 3, Heland ; 4, Ha7iover.

George II. bore the same shield as his predecessor.

George III., during part of his reign, bore the shield of his
predecessor; but, upon the ist January, i8oi, by Royal proclama-
tion, the French fleurs-de-lis were removed from the arms of Eng-
land, and the Royal shield of England during the latter part of

284

HERALDRY.

this King’s reign was — quarterly: — i and 4^Engla?td; 2, Scotland;
3, Irelarid ; and over all in prete7ice., Hanover. From i8oi till 1816
the inescutcheon of pretence was ensigned by George III. with
the Electoral bonnet of Hanover. In 1816 the Electorate of Han-
over was elevated to the rank of a Kingdom, and from that date
the shield of pretence was ensigned with a Royal C7'own.

George IV. and William IV. bore the shield without alter-
ation.

No. 372 —Shield of Arms of II.R H the late Prince Consort.

ROYAL LIERALDRY.

285

On the accession of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, the King-
dom of Hanover passed from the Sovereign of this country, and
therefore the Hanoverian escutcheon of pretence ceased to form
part of the Royal arms \ and thus the Royal shield is composed
of insignia of the three realms of tlie United Kingdom, England,
Scotland, and Ireland, as in No. 368, page 278.

His late Royal Highness Albert, the Prince Consort, bore the
arms of Saxony quarterly, with the Royal arms of England differ-
enced with his own label — a label of three points arg., charged on
the cejitral point with a cross gu. The ancient arms of Saxony were
barry of te7i^ or and sa. As an augmentation to these arms, when
he conferred the Dukedom of Saxony upon Bernard, Count of
Ascania, the Emperor Barbarossa took off the Crown of Rue
which he wore upon his head, and threw it obliquely across the
shield of the newly-created Duke. This bend is in English Her-
aldry blazoned as a baid treflee vert^ or as a be?id archee coronettee^
or a coronet extended in befid. This chaplet of rue is, on the Con-
tinent, blazoned a Cra7icelin.

The shield of His late Royal Highness (No. 372) is encircled
with the Garter and ensigned with his own coronet (No. 343).

This singular example of quartering differenced arms, is not in
accordance with the rules of Heraldry, and is in itself an heraldic
contradiction.

H.R.H. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, usually bears
the Royal ar7iis of England, differe7iced with the label of the Heir
Apparent — a label of three points arg. ; over all, Saxo7iy : Suppor-

HERALDRY.

286

ters — the lion a7id n?iicorn of Engla7id, dife7‘e7iced with the label a7id
coro7iet of the Prmce : Crest — the crest of E7igla7id., hut the lion dijfe-
7-enced a7id crowned as the dexter supporter.

The Prince of Wales, K.G., K.S.I., is also Duke of Corn-
wall and of Rothsay, Earl of Chester, of Dublin, and of

No. 373.— Design for Marshalling the Arms of the Prince of Wales, K.G.

Carrick, Baron Renfrew, and Lord of the Isles; also, in
right of his father, is Duke of Saxony. No. 373 is a suggestion
for marshalling the arms of the Prince, differenced with his own
label, quarterly with Saxo7iy. That is, it represents the Prince as
the eldest son and heir of the Queen and of the late Prince

ROYAL HERALDRY,

287

Consort. The escutcheon of pretence quarters Cormvall, Chester,
Rothsay, and Dublin (the label improperly omitted), and it bears
the feudal shield of the Isles in pretence.

The arms of Cornwall are — sa., te?i bezants, fotir, three, two, and
one.

Rothsay — Seot/a?id, differenced with a label of three points arg.
Chester — az., three garbs or (No. 236, page 152).

Dublin — Ireland, dtffereitced 7vith a label of three points ar^.

Lord of the Isles — arg., on waves of the sea ppr., a lymphad sa.

No. 374.— Diagram of the Shield of the Princess of Wales.

H.R.H. Alexandra, Princess of Wales, as daughter of the
King of Denmark, bears the Royal arms of Denmark without
any difference. The arms of Denmark proper are or, semee of human

288

HERALDRY,

No. 375. — Shield of the Prince of Wales impaling Denmark.

hearts gu., three lions pass, guard, in pale., az., crowned gold; but the
shield of the Princess, after the manner of continental Heraldry,
is one of many quarterings ; and it is very remarkable that this
shield, when blazoned with all its various bearings, in its marshal-
ling exhibits the same order of arrangement as distinguishes the
shield of the Prince of Wales himself when completely blazoned.
No. 374 represents the quartered shield of the Princess : a, a, a, a,
the white cross of Denmark up07i red: i, Denmark; 2, Schleswig;

ROYAL HERALDRY.

2S9

3, Sweden modern ; 4, Iceland, gii.., a stockfish arg., croumed or. ;
5, Faroe Islands, az.^ a cock passant arg. ; 6, Greenland, az., a polar
bear ratnpt. arg. \ 7, Jutland; 8, Ensign of the Vandals. On the
secofidary shield, or inescutcheon: 9, Holstein; 10, Storm erk ;
II, Dietmarschen (Ditzmers) ; 12, Lanenburg, a horse's head
coiiped arg. On the the thu'd shield, in pretence over all : 13,
Oldenburg; 14, Delmenhurst.

In marshalling the arms of the present Prince and Princess
OF Wales, the early usage of impaling the arms of a married
Prince and Princess has been set aside, and the arms of the Prince
are placed on one shield and those of the Princess on another.

No. 375 represents the arms of the Prince impaling the arms of
Denmark proper in exact accordance with early principles and early
practical usage.

The marks of cadency of the family of Her Majesty the
Queen are as follows :

H.R.H. Albert Edward, K.G., Prince of Wales, K.S.I. : a
label of three points arg. (No. 376.)

H.R.H. THE Prince Alfred : on the first and third points, an
anchor az., on the central point a cross gu. (No. 378.)

H.R.H. THE Prince Arthur : a cross gu.., between two fleurs-
de-lis az. (No. 380.)

H.R.H. the Prince Leopold : a cross between two hearts, all
gu. (No. 382.)

H.R.H. the Princess Royal : a 7 ose between two crosses, all
gu. (No. 377.)

19

HERALDRY.

No. 383.— Duke of Cambridge.

No. 383A.— Princess Beatrice.

ROYAL HERALDRY.

291

PI.R.H. THE Princess Alice; a rose gu. between two ermitie
spots (No. 379).

H.R.H. THE Princess Helena : a cross between two roses, all
gu. (No. 381.)

H.R.H. THE Princess Louisa : a rose between two cantons, all
gu. (No. 38 2 A.)

H.R.H. THE Princess Beatrice: a heart between tiuo roses,
align. (No. 383A.)

The crest and supporters of the Princes are differenced as well
as the Royal arms, and they ensign the shield with the coronet.

The Princesses bear the Royal arms upon a lozenge ensigned
with their coronet, but they do not bear the crest.

H.R.H. THE Duke of Cambridge, K.G., differences the Royal
arms, supporters and crest, with his own label, a cross between two
hearts, all gu. (No. 383.)

The Royal crowns are described in the chapter on Crowns, and
the supporters and badges are given in the respective chapters upon
Supporters and Badges.

19 — 2

No. 384.— Arms of Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington.

CHAPTER XIX.

AUGMENTATION.

An Augmentation, or Augmentation of Honour, is an honour-
able addition to arms, specially granted to commemorate
some heroic deed. Augmentations are generally charged upon
shields of pretence, and these are distinct and complete in them-
selves, and are never quartered. They are also frequently borne
as crests, badges, and supporters. Henry VIH. granted to
Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, and his posterity, for his victory at
Flodden Field, wherein King James IV. of Scotland was slain,
Sept. 9, 1513, as a commemorative Augmentation, the Royal
shield of Scotland, having a detni-lion on/y, which is pierced through
the mouth with an at'row^ to be charged upon the silver bend of '
Howard (No. 385).

A UGMENTA TION.

293

Henry VIII. granted to some of his consorts Augmentations
to their paternal arms. The Duke of Somerset bears the Aug-
mentation granted by him to Lady Jane Seymour.

The Earl of Rutland bears an Augmentation granted to his
ancestor by Henry VIII., viz., a chief of Fra7tce afid England,
that is, quarterly 1 and 4, az., two fleiirs-de-lis or; 2 and 3, gu., a
lion of E^tgland. This chief was anciently^?/./ the Augmentation
represents a descent from the blood Royal of King Edward IV.

Augmentations were granted at almost all periods. Edward
THE Black Prince granted Richard de la Bere a crest, con-
sisting of a plimie of ostrich feathers out of a ducal coro7iet, as a
reward for rescuing that Prince from danger.

The crowned heart, on the shield of Douglas, was Augmenta-
tion granted about 1330, as a reward for the services of Sir James
Douglas, who conveyed the heart of King Robert to the Holy
Land.

To the arms of Fitz-Harding, Lord Berkeley, were added

No. 385.— Augmented Shield of Howard.

294

HERALDRY

ten crosses pattee ar., after his return from the Holy Wars, and the
Berkeleys still bear these in their arms.

The Duke of Newcastle quarters the celebrated augmented
quarterly shield of Pelham, which Augmentation was granted in
commemoration of the capture of John, King of France, at
Poictiers, by Sir John Pelham : — gu., two demi-belts palewise^ m
fesse, their buckles in chiefs a?g., in the 2nd and 3rd quarters with

Pelham — az., three pelicans arg., vulning thetnselves ppr. (No. 386).
The Pelhams also assumed as a crest a cage, and as a badge, a
buckle.

Sir Cloudesley Shovel (a.d. 1692), whose arms surmount
the old clock at Rochester, bore as an Augmentation, to com-
memorate two naval victories over the Turks, two crescents az.;
and for a victory over the French, a fleur-de-lis or.

In the seventeenth century, many shields of arms were diffe-
renced by Augmentation. No. 387 is an Augmented shield, — that
of Harpur Crewe, Bart, a.d. 1626: arg., a lion rampt., within a

A UGMENTA TION.

295

bordiire engr. sa. No. 389, Molesworth, Bart., a.d. 1689 : vair^
a b or dure gu.^ charged with crosses crosslet or.

One more example is that of Astley, Baron Hastings, who
bore the Astley shield Augmented : az., a cinquefoil erm.^ withm
a bordure engr. or (No. 388).

Sir Francis Grant, Lord Cullen, born in 1660, received a
special warrant, under the hand of King George I., granting him
the unusual armorial Augmentation of a bordure ermine, as a testi-
mony of his Sovereign’s favour, and a memorial of his judicial
eminence, together with two angels as supporters; the motto
Si^um cidque^^ on a scroll above, and the motto ‘‘^Jehovah
Jireh ” on a scroll below — the only instance in Scottish Heraldry
of a Hebrew motto.

John Churchill, K.G., first Duke of Marlborough, was
granted, as an honourable Augmentation, m chief, an inescutcheon
arg., charged with the cross of St. George, gu., and thereon an
escutcheon of the arms of Fra7ice (No. 390).

296

HERALDRY.

Augmentations of honour were also granted to General Sir
Edward Kerrison and to Horatio, Viscount Nelson.

The Augmentation of the Duke of Wellington is perhaps
the most appropriate, and the most in accordance with ancient
heraldic feeling that could be devised, viz., an hiescutcheofi charged
with the Union device of Great Britain and Ireland (No. 384,
page 292).

Augmentations are borne also upon the colours of our regi-
ments, and the clasp that is added to the medals of our sailors
and soldiers may be considered as an Augmentation of Honour.

No. 390.— Arms of Spencer Churchill, Duke of Marlborough.

No. 391. — Crested Helm, from Coeham Church, Kent.

CHAPTER XX.

CRESTS.

A CREST is a figure or device, originally of even greater
honour than coats of arms, worn by heroes and by
soldiers of superior military command. The Crest was worn
upon the helm, that the bearer might be distinguished in an
engagement, and that notice might be taken of his valorous
actions. It is evident, that with the armour that was worn in
the middle ages, it was necessary for warriors to have some dis-
tinguishing mark, whereby their friends and enemies might know
them. The Crest was generally worn supported by a Chapeau
or Wreath, or sometimes it issued from a coronet. No. 391 is
an example, from one of the celebrated brasses in Cobham

298

HERALDRY.

Church, Kent, of a helmet surmounted by a Crest. The head
of the figure rests upon the helm, which is used as a pillow.

The Crest was generally made of wood or of stiffened leather,
and was laced on to the top of the helmet, and in some instances
was kept in its place by an arched support rising from the upper
back part of the helm. A helm with the Crest, an old mads head.,
(No. 435) is still suspended in the chancel of Cobham Church,
Kent, this Crest has a support, not unlike the head-rest used by
modern photographers.

The ducal coronet, so often used with Crests, is described in the
chapter on coronets.

The Wreath is now represented as having six folds, three of the
principal metal, and three of the principal colour of the arms, and
in the case of a quartered shield, the tinctures of the wreath are
those of the first quarter.

Crests are not borne in the armorial insignia of ladies, with the
exception of the Sovereign.

Crests, as hereditary bearings, are of later origin than coats of
arms, but they form a very important part of modern Heraldry.
Thousands of men wear Crests upon their rings, &c., and yet they
are altogether ignorant of what a Crest really is, and do not even
know the difference between a Crest and coat of arms.

They weare theire grandsires signet on theire thumb,

Yet aske them whence theire crest is, they are mum.

The earliest Crests were fan-like decorations surmounting the
helm. Richard I. in his second seal, a.d. 1194, is represented

CRESTS.

299

bearing one of these. In some instances the same decorative
device is represented on the head of the charger as upon the
lielm of the mounted knight.

Edward III., upon his great seal, for the first time bears a true
heraldic Crest — the crowned lio7i of England standing upon a
chapeau, and this has ever since been the Crest of England. It
has always been customary to display marks of cadency upon
the Royal and other Crests, as upon shields.

Feathers were very generally borne as Crests in the middle
ages, and these were frequently formed into a panache, or upright
plume. No. 428, page 328, represents the panache, formed of
peacock’s feathers, of Sir Edmund de Thorpe, a.d. 1418.

In his brass at Harpham, a.d. 1420, Sir Thomas de Saint
Quintin is represented with a singular modification of the panache
upon his basinet (No. 392). In another brass at Spilsby, a knight
has his basinet encircled with an orle of roses (No. 393).

No. 392.— Crest: Sir Thomas
DE Saint Quintin.

No. 393.— Crest-Wreath :
Probably of Lord Willoughby d’Eresby.

300

HERALDRY.

The seal of Edmund de Arundel, who was Earl from 1301 to
1326, has two crested helms placed at the sides of the shield
(No. 398, page 302).

Panache or Plume Crests, like other Crests, are sometimes
differenced ; as by the Tyndalls, with either a martlet or an
ermine circlet (Nos. 394 and 395).

No. 394. Crests of Tyndall. No. 395.

Crests are now generally represented resting upon a wreath,
but the Crest-coronet, and also the chapeau, are still retained in
modern blazon. In No. 359, page 273, an ermine., the Crest of
Lord Dynham, K.G., stands upon a cap of estate between two
tall spikes.

The Crest of Cape (No. 397) is an example of the customary
way Crests are now represented. The Crest of Newcombe (No.
396) is another modern example.

Every description of animal, bird, &c., is used as a Crest. The
Percy lion (No. 196, page 81), the Howard lion (No. 197,
page 81), and the dim bidPs head of Neville, are amongst the
well-known animal Crests.

CRESTS.

301

There is a very interesting and romantic story attached to the
Crest of the Stanleys, an eagle and child. An eagle having built
a nest in Terlestowe Wood, one day brought a child swaddled in
a red mantle. The Lord of Latham made this child his heir,
who, having grown to manhood, became the father of John
Stanley. The present Earl of Derby bears this Crest.

Many other interesting stories are attached to the origin of
Crests, some real and others fanciful. The Crest of the Viscount
Downe, a detni- Saracen in armour, holding in the dexter ha?td a
ring, gold, stoned az., and in the sinister, a lion's gamb, erased, or,
was granted .to his ancestor. Sir William d’Aunay, who, having
slain a Saracen Prince, and afterwards killed a lion, he cut off the

302

HERALDRY.

paw of the lion and presented it to the King, who, to record his
approbation, gave the warrior a ring from his own finger (which
ring is still in the family’s possession), and ordered that he should
bear the Crest which the present Viscount Downe now bears.

Two, and more. Crests can be borne under certain conditions,
viz., by special grant from the Crown as an augmentation, and by
the Royal licence permitting a subject to bear the arms and name
of another family in addition to, or instead of, his own ; in these
cases the two Crests are displayed above the quartered arms.

The Crests of Wellesley, Hardinge, Cameron, &c., were
grants of augmentation.

Crests have been considered by some heralds to be personal
bearings only, but there can be little doubt that, like arms, they
were, as they are now, hereditary.

No. 398.— Edmund de Arundel.

No. 3Q9. — Tudor Rose, from the Cedar Coffin of Queen Elizabeth.

CHAPTER XXI.

BADGES AND KNOTS.

BADGES.

Badges, or Cognizances, are figures, totally distinct from
crests, and are borne without a shield. Crests were ori-
ginally borne only by such as had superior military command, but
Badges were worn also by dependants, subordinates, and soldiers.
Badges were usually embroidered on the sleeves of servants and
followers, and on the breasts and backs of soldiers. The bedesmen
at Westminster Abbey and some of our cathedrals have still the

304

HERALDRY.

Tudor rose embroidered on their sleeves, and the Old Guard at
the Tower still bear it on their breasts.

The Badge is said to have been introduced by Henry II., and
many Royal and other persons personally bore Badges, and used
them for the decoration of their military equipments, household
furniture, and for every variety of decorative purpose.

Badges, like arms, are hereditary, and -in the early days of He-
raldry it was considered a great punishment to be deprived of one’s
Badge.

No, 400.— The White Hart, Badge of Richard II.

Many of the signs of our old inns are the Badges of ancient
families, and passing through the streets of London we see many
of these referring to the past, such as the Badge of Richard IL,
the white hart (No. 400) ; the boaYs head of Richard HI., and
the greyhound of the Tudors.

Badges generally have reference to some heroic deed, or to some

BADGES AND KNOTS.

305

family or feudal alliance ; they are sometimes the same device as
the crest, or a charge of the shield, and two or more Badges may
be borne in combination, or as distinct devices.

In the Second Part of “ Henry VI.” (Act V., Scene i), Shak-
SPEARE, with characteristic discrimination, has adverted to the use
of Badges. He makes Clifford conclude his brief threatening
address to Warwick with the words.

Might I but know thee by thy household badge I
to which appeal Warwick replies.

Now, by my father’s badge, old Neville’s crest,

The rampant bear chained to the ragged staff.

First among the Badges of the Sovereigns of England is the
planta genista — that simple sprig of broom-plant which gave the
name of Plantagenet to our early Sovereigns. Next to this in
importance are the 7vhite and red roses of York and Lancaster.

The Badges of some of the Sovereigns are —

Stephen : A Sagittarius.

Henry II. : The pla7ita genista (showing the leaves and seed-
pods) ; an esca^'buncle ; a sword ; afid an olive branch.

Richard I. : A star issuing from a crescent ; a star and crescent
separately ; a mailed ar7ii^ the hand graspmg a broken la7ice; a sun
071 two a7ichors, with the motto, “ Christo duceP

John and Henry III. : A star issuing fro77i a crescent.

Edward A rose or, stalked ppr.

Edward II. : ^ castle of Castile.

Edward III. : Rays issuing from a cloud; the stock of a tree,

20

3o6

HERALDRY.

coiiped ; a falcon ; a gryphon ; an ostrich feather ; a fleiir-de-lis ; and
a sword,

Richard II. : An ostrich feather; the sun behind a cloud (No.
401); the su?i in splendour; a white ha^d lodged (No. 400); the
stock of a tree ; and a white falcon.

No. 401.— Badge of Richard II., from his Effigy at Westminster.

Henry IV.: The monogram SS. ; a crescent; a fox's tait ; a
stock of a tree) an ermine or gennet ; a crowned eagle; a crowjud
panther ; an ostrich feather ; an eagle displayed; a columbine flower ;
the Lancastrian red rose, and the white swan of the De Bohuns.

Henry V. : An ostrich feather ; a chained antelope; a chained
swan; and a fire-beacon.

Henry VI. : A chained antelope; a spotted panther ; and two
ostrich feathers in saltire.

Edward IV. : A black bull, (Clarence) ; a black dragon, (Ulster) ;
a white wolf and a white lion, (Mortimer) ; a white hart ; a falcon
and fetterlock; the sun in splendour ; and a white rose with rays.
Edward V. and Arthur Tudor, as Princes of Wales, ex-

BADGES AND NNOTS.

307

hibit on their seals s/ng/e feathers. Prince Edward’s feathers
are held by lions (No. 402), and Prince Arthur’s by dragons
(No. 403).

No. 402. No. 403.

From the Se.^^ls of Ed\v.\rd V , and Arthur Tudor, as Princes of Wales.

Richard III. : A white rose ; the sun in splendour ; a white boar ;
and a falcon ivith a virgin's face^ holding a white rose.

Henry VII. : A portcullis ; a white greyhound coura7it ; a red
drago?t, (Cadwallader) ,* a dun cow^ (Warwick); a hawthorn bush
royally crowned., with cypher HR. ; a rose of York and Lancaster ;
and a crowned fleur-de-lis. The beautiful chapel of this King, at
Westminster, contains many illustrations of his Badges.

Henry VHI. : A portcullis ; a fleur-de-lis; a rose of York and
Lancaster ; a white cock; and a white grey hofind courant.

His Queens: Catherine of Arragon — The pomegranate ^he
rose, and the sheaf of arrows. Anne Boleyn — A crowned falcon

20--2

3o8

HERALDRY.

holding a sceptre. Jane Seymour — A Phoi^iix rising fro7n a castle,
between Tudor roses. Catherine Parr — A unaided s head crowned,
rising from a large Tudor rose.

Edward VI. : The sun in splendour, and the Tudor rose.

Mary : A pomegra^iate ; a pomegranate and rose conjoined; the
Tudor rose impaling a sheaf of arrows, ensigned with a crown, a7id
surroimded by rays.

Elizabeth : The crowned falcon U7id sceptre of her mother, and
the Tudor rose. The latter is carYed upon the lid of the cedar
coffin that contains her remains at Westminster (No. 399, page

303)-

James I. : A thistle, and a rose and thistle dhnidiated and crow7ied.

Charles I., Charles II., and James II. ; The same Badges as
James I.

Anne : A rose-branch and a thistle growing from one stalk a7id
C7'owned.

From this time personal Badges ceased to be adopted by English
Sovereigns, but the rose, thistle, and shamrock, all of them im-
perially crowned, as the Badges of England, Scotland, and Ireland,
have permanently' taken their place in the Royal achievement of
England.

The Ostrich Feather was a very favourite Badge of the Princes
of the middle ages. All the sons of Henry IV. bear it, and it was
retained in use until, with the close of the Plantagenet era, it
gradually assumed a distinctive character as the peculiar ensign of
the Princes of Wales. The Black Prince gave directions that

BADGES AND KNOTS.

309

on the occasion of his funeral, two distinct armorial shields should
be displayed, one for war,” and the other ‘‘ for peace,” and these
are displayed on his monument at Canterbury : that for war is
charged with the quartered arms of France afid England^ with his
silver label ; and that for peace is sable, three ostrich feathers argent,
their quills passing through scrolls with the motto Ich Dien"
(No. 229, page 145). At the time of the Stuarts, three ostrich
feathers were grouped together within the circles of a princely
coronet, and these are now familiar to us, being borne by our own
Prince of Wales.

No. 404. — Heraldic Rose. Pulham Church, Norfolk.

Another renowned historical Badge is the Kose, tinctured either
argent or gules, or having both the metal and colour conjoined
(No. 260, page 189). The large number of roses borne in Heraldry
is most probably owing to the Wars of the Roses,” when the
badge of a white or red rose held such an important meaning.

The De Bohun Badge is another celebrated early Badge.

310

HERALDRY.

Henry of Bolingbroke displays this upon his standard, and it is
introduced into the central spandrel of the canopy of the De
Bohun brass at Westminster. This Badge is a swan ppr.^ diically
gorged and chained (No. 405).

No. 405. — De Bohun Badge. From the central spandrel of the Canopy of the Brass to

Alianore de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester, a.d. 1399, in Westminster Abbey.

Numerous examples might be given of famous badges, but
space only permits a few of these to be given. The well-known
Badge of Warwick, the hear chained to a ragged staff (borne also as
a crest) ; and the portcullis of the Nevilles, borne by Neville
Grenville, in allusion to his descent from John of Beaufort,
son of John of Gaunt; the buckle of Pelham; the sickle of
Hungerford ; and the human heart of Douglas, are among the
most important historical Badges.

A most interesting class of devices, which may be properly
placed under the head of Badges, is that in which the device is
allusive to the name or office of the bearer, and may be termed a
Rebus. In the middle ages the Rebus was a favourite form of
heraldic expression, and many quaint and curious examples

BADGES AND KNOTS.

3”

remain of such devices : for instance, the monument of Abbot
Ramryge, at St. Albans, abounds in figures of rams^ each of
which has, on a collar about its neck, the letters ryge. An ash-

tree growing out of a cask or tun, for the name of Ashton, is
another example of a numerous series. The tu7i, to represent
the terminal syllable ‘''ton,” was in great favour. A ton or tun
pierced by a bird-bolt for Bolton ; a musical note called “ long ”
and a ton for Langton; a capital T and a hen sitting on a ton
for T. Hunton ; a line and a ton for Winton. Bishop Oldham,
A.D. 1519, in Exeter Cathedral, has a device — an owl with the
label in its beak charged with the letters do?n; this forms a Rebus
of the Bishop’s name — owl-dojn, or old-ha^n (No. 408). Bishop

No. 406. — Collar of Ram, bearing the letters “ryge.'

No. 407.— Head of Ram, from the Monument to Abbot Ramryge.

312

HERALDRY.

Lyhart, at Norwich, has his Rebus a stag or hart lying down.
Dering of Kent has a deer a7id a ring; Barker, a man barking
a tree. In Abbot Islip’s Chapel, Westminster, is his Rebus — a
human eye., and a small branch or slip of a tree, and another, a
man in the act of falling from a tree, and exclaiming slip I'

No. 408.— Rebus of Bishop Oldham. Exeter Cathedral.

These canting or punning devices are most numerous among
ecclesiastics, and the Badge of Abbot John of Wheathamstede,

No. 409.— Badge of Abbot John de Wheathamstede. St. Albans Abbey, a.d. 1460.

A.D. 1460, a cluster of wheat-ears carved upon his monument at
St. Albans (No. 409), illustrates the careful treatment, as well as

BADGES AND KNOTS.

313

the ingenuity of the designers : the Rebus was not restricted
to ecclesiastics or to noblemen, for in some instances we find it
borne somewhat as a trade-mark, as Grafton, the publisher, used
as his sign the graft of a ti'ee issuing from a ton.

There is a class of Badges which are borne upon the shield, such
as the Badge of Ulster — arg., a sinister hand, couped at the wrist and
appaumee, gu. ; this badge is borne by all Baronets, and generally
upon a small shield of pretence.

KNOTS.

Knots are a distinct class of devices borne as Badges. They
are represented as formed of intertwined cords, probably originally

No. 410. No. 411. No. 412.

No. 413. No. 414. No. 415.

intended to convey the idea of a monogram j they are sometimes
used in combination with other devices, as will be hereafter described.
The varieties of this device are :

3H

HERALDRY.

The Stafford Knot (No. 410); the Boiirchier (No. 41 1, also
No. 208, page 102) ; the Heneage (No. 4 12) ; the Wake and Ormond
(No. 413), formed from the initials W and O intertwined; the
Bowen (No. 415); the Lacy, which is an elegant interlaced cord
(No. 414), that forms a Rebus of the name; the Savory \ and the
Harrington (No. 417).

The examples of Compound Badges of this class are the Badge
of the Dacres (No. 416), a cord e7itwined about an escallop-shell
and a ragged staff; and the Badge of Edward, Lord Hastings,
which unites the Hungerford sickle the Pelham garb (No.
418).

Badges were sometimes taken from the family coat, and they
were borne upon the standard, but not upon the shield or tabard.
The motto belonged to the Badge, and not to the arms, as it is
now commonly used.

No. 417.

No. 416. •

No. 418.

No. 419. — Supporter of the Neville Shield, From Butleigh Court, Somerset. ^

UPPORTERS are figures placed in the attitude of holding

up or protecting a shield. In almost every instance in
English Heraldry, Supporters appear in pairs, one on the dexter and
the other on the sinister of the shield. Originally these were alike,
but in modern Heraldry they are more generally distinct from one
another. Supporters are taken from every living or imaginary
creature — angels, men, animals, fabulous beasts, birds, &c., &c.

The origin of Supporters to shields is not quite agreed upon :
some suppose them to have been suggested by devices engraved on
seals, others from the grotesque and fantastically dressed guardians
of the knights’ shields at tournaments. These honourable acces-

CHAPTER XXII.

SUPPORTERS.

3i6

HERALDRY.

series of the heraldic shield are said to have been introduced in
the time of Edward III. Animals, either the same as appear in
the blazon of the shields which they support, or obtained from
some allied coat of arms, together with personal and family badges,
are common on seals long before the regular appearance of true
Supporters. The figures of animals that were introduced into their
compositions, and charged by the early heraldic seal-engravers with
the duty of Supporters, are placed in various positions, but they
always lead more or less directly to the idea of the true Supporter.
One of the earliest indications of the use of an heraldic Supporter
is on the seal of Humphrey de Bohun, a.d. 1322 (No. 279, page
215). The guige or shield-belt in this composition, instead of
being passed over some architectural detail, in this shield is carried
by the swan that was the badge of the Earls of Hereford.
Another seal exhibits the De Bohun swan in the same position
above the shield (No. 480, page 399) ; but here the guige is
omitted, and in its stead the chain that leads from the collar of the
bird is fastened to the chief of the shield.

The seal of Thomas EIolland, half-brother of Richard IL,
represents the shield of arms, of the Earl, having the guige buckled
round the neck of a white hind (No. 481).

The seal of Edmond de Mortimer (No. 483), contains a curious
and characteristic example of Supporters.

Another interesting example is the seal of Richard, Earl of
Arundel (No. 482, page 401). In this the Supporters hold up
the crested helms above the shield.

SUPPORTERS.

317

No. 420, drawn from the seal of John, Earl of Arundel, is
another spirited example of Supporters, designed by the heraldic
artists of the fifteenth century.

The Supporters of the English Sovereigns form a very interesting
group.

Edward III. is said to have borne a lion and a falcon.

Richard II. has been assigned two white harts.

Henry IV. : A lio?i and an antelope^ also a s2La?i.

Henry V. : A lioji and a?i aritelope.

There is some uncertainty whether these Sovereigns actually bore
such Supporters.

Henry VI. bore two antelopes argent^ also a lion and a pa7ither
or a7itelope.

3i8

HERALDRY.

Edward IV. : A lion or., and a hull sa., also a lion arg., or two
lions arg., or a hart arg.

Edward V. : A lio7i arg, and a hart arg., gorged arid chained or.

Richard III. : A lion or, and a hoar arg., or two hoars arg.

Henry VII. : A dragon gu., and a greyhound arg., or two grey-
hounds arg.; also a lion or, and a dragon gu.

Henry VIII.: A lion or, and a dragon gu., and sometimes a
hull, a greyhound, or a cock, all argent.

Edward VI. : A lion or, and a dragon gu.

Mary and Elizabeth : A lion or, and a dragon or, or a grey-
hound arg.

James I. first bore two lions ; secondly, two unicorns ; and after-
wards a lion or for England and a unicorn arg. for Scotland. The
Supporters of the Royal shield of England have remained un-
changed since the time of James I. They are now blazoned as
follows : — Dexter Royal Supporter : a lion rampant guardant or,
imperially crowned ppr. Sinister Royal Supporter : a unicorn arg.,
armed, unguled, and crined or, gorged with a coronet composed of crosses
pattees and fleurs-de-lis gold, a chain affixed thereto of the last, passing
between the fore-le^s and reflexed over the hack.

Supporters are borne, by right, by all the Peers of the realm,
by Knights of the Garter, and Knights Grand Crosses of the Bath,
also by Nova Scotia Baronets, and the chiefs of the Scottish clans ;
and they are conceded to those sons of Peers who bear honorary
titles of nobility. Supporters are not borne by Spiritual Peers, but
originally, it was not uncommon for ecclesiastics to use their family

SC7PP0RTERS.

319

badges as Supporters to their official shield. Abbot Ramryge of
St. Albans assumed two rams gorged with collars bearing the letters
‘‘ RYGE ” as Supporters to the arms of the Abbey of St. Alban (No.

No. 421. — Shield of Arms of the Abbey of St. Alban, with the Supborters
OF Abbot Ramryge,

421). The arms are az.^ a saltire or, and the shield is ensigned
with a rich coronet-like cap. Nos. 406 and 407 are enlarged
drawings of the head and collar of the rams, which are sculptured
with great freedom and boldness.

Supporters are not granted in England without the express com-
mand of the Sovereign; but in Scotland “Lord Lyon” enjoys the
privilege. Supporters, like crests, can be charged with marks of

320

HERALDRY.

cadency, but are not hereditary, except to the eldest sons of
Peers.

Supporters are frequently incorrectly represented as lying down
or resting in some comfortable attitude near the shield ; they should
always be depicted erect and in the attitude of supporting and
guarding the shield.

CHAPTER XXIII.

MOTTOES.

OTTOES are words or short sentences, generally inserted

shield. Mottoes are of various kinds : some are derived from
war-cries, some have allusion to the character or disposition of the
bearer, and others are puns upon the bearer’s name. The Motto
originally belonged more particularly to the badge, and not to the
arms, as it is now commonly used. The Scroll or Ribbon, which
bears the Motto, is now inconsistently used by modern heralds for
a standing-place for supporters. /

When the Motto has direct reference to the crest, it should be^
placed either immediately above or below the crest. The Earl
OF Malmesbury bears a motto over the crest, on an orange-coloured
label, maintiaidraV' (the Motto of the house of Nassau).

Of the War-cry Mottoes, may be given as an example the motto
of Viscount Mountmorris Dieu ayde (God help !) This is
part of the war-cry of Montmorency, the chief Christian Baron :
“ Dieu ayde an premier clu'etien ” (God help the chief Christian).

in a scroll, and placed under, or sometimes above, the

21

322

HERALDRY,

Of Mottoes considered to be characteristic of the original bearer,
may be instanced such as that of Bulwer-Lytton — ^^Adversis
major ^ par secundis ” (great in adversity, equal in prosperity), and
that of Earl Onslow — Semper jidelis ” (ever faithful).

Of Allusive or Punning Mottoes: Fortescue — Forte scutum^
salus diicum ” (The safety of the chief is a strong shield) ; Neville
— Ne vile veils''' (Form no mean wish); FIome — A Home, a
Home, a Home !"

There are various other sources from which Mottoes are de-
rived. The Baronets Clerk, who hold the property of the
Barony of Penicuick, have for a Motto '‘'‘Free for a blast,"
Burke says this property is held by a singular tenure, viz., that
the proprietor must sit on a piece of rock called the Buckstane,
and wind three blasts of a horn when the Sovereign shall come
to hunt on the Borough Muir, near Edinburgh ; hence the family
crest (a de7Jii-hnntsman sounding a hotm) with the above motto.
Earl Rothes has for a Motto “ Grip fast." Barthol. Leslie,
when he saved Margaret, Queen of Scotland, from drowning,
used these words.

Mottoes sometimes help to explain the charges of the shield,
and sometimes they are derived from the religious sentiments of
the adopters. A very large proportion of English Mottoes are
religious expressions, such as “ A cruce salus " (Salvation from the
cross); "A la volonte de Dieu" (By the will of God); "Aides,
Dieu !" (Help, O God!); " Deus 7iobiscum, quis contra!" (God
with us, who against us ?) ; “ Fiat Dei vohmtas " (God’s will be

MOTTOES.

323

done); Gardez la foT^ (Keep the faith); Lux mihi Deus''
(God my light) ; “ Spes J7tea Christus (Christ my hope) ; Vive
Deo et vives” (Live for God, and thou wilt live).

The Royal Mottoes of England are — “ Christo duceP used by
Richard I. ; “ Dieu et 7uon droitp the ancient Royal war-cry, first
assumed as a regular Motto by Henry VI. ; “ Veritas te7nporis
filiaP Mary; Rosa sme spmaP “ Set77per eadeTn^' (in addition to
the established Royal motto), Elizabeth ; “ Beati pacificip
James I. Since this time, Dieu et 771071 droiV" has been the
permanent Motto of the Sovereigns of England.

The various Orders of Knighthood have Mottoes assigned to
them. The Motto of the Order of the Garter, Ho7ii soil qui 77ial
y pe7iseP with the romantic story of its origin, is as familiar as
household words. The Order of the Bath has for a Motto, ‘‘ Tria
juncta m tmo ” (three — naval, military, and civil — united in one).
The Order of the Thistle, Nemo me i77ipu7te lacessitP In Orders
of Knighthood, the motto encircles the shield of arm.s.

Mottoes were very commonly introduced into heraldic decora-
tion during the middle ages. In stained glass, wall painting, &c..
Mottoes were very cleverly associated with various heraldic devices.
It was not uncommon for the knight to have a Motto engraved on
his sword. Thus the famous weapon of the great Earl of
Shrewsbury bore Sum Talboti pro vmcere i7U77iicos 77ieos ” (I am
Talbot’s to conquer my enemies).

Up to the present century it was usual for Mottoes to be engraved
within the circle of rings, and this was more especially the case

21—2

324

HERALDRY.

with wedding-rings. Church bells also w^re generally encircled
with some appropriate Motto, and those of the middle ages which
still remain, bear some beautiful and expressive legends.

No. 423.

No. 424.

o. 422.

CHAPTER XXIV.

HELMETS.

HE Helm, Heaume, or Helmet, was worn as a defence for

the head, in the field or the lists, by the knights of the
middle ages. It is now used, as an accessory, above a shield of
arms, and modern heralds have introduced fanciful shapes un-
known in earlier times.

When in actual action, the knights wore a second Helm ot
great strength, which was made to rest upon the shoulders, and
was secured to the knight’s person by a chain. In monumental
effigies the great Helm frequently forms a characteristic pillow for
the head of the deceased warrior, and it is adorned with his
7£/reaih, and majitling, as in the example (No. 391, page 297) from
Cobham Church, Kent.

The Saxon Helme, and the Norman Heaume, were conic?d

326

HERALDRY.

caps with a nose-guard. The heavy, flat-topped, cylindrical helmet
came into use about the year 1150 to 1200. These Helmets, of
which No. 422 is an example, were used over the ordinary head-
covering during an encounter only; air was admitted by holes
pierced in ornamental patterns ; the weight of these helmets was
very great, but the weight was chiefly borne upon the shoulders.

A little later the flat top gave place to a raised or rounded top
(No. 423). This illustration shows the ring at the back of the
Helmet, to this ring was fastened a chain, by which the Helmet
was secured to the breastplate. About this time we also find a
sugar-loaf shape m use, like that illustrated on the well-known
brass of Sir Roger de Trumpingdon, near Cambridge. About
A.D. 1320, these sugar-loaf Helmets were made to project in
front, as in the example. No. 424, from the monument of Sir
William de Staunton, a.d. 1336, illustrated in Stotherd’s
“ Monumental Effig.es.” This Helmet is ornamented and strength-

No. 425.

No. 426.

HELMETS.

327

ened with a cross fleuiy, and on the top is a ring, which is sup-
posed to have been intended for attaching the lady’s glove or
other favour.

Under the helmet was worn the close-fitting basinet, which
about this period was conical shaped, and to this was attached

No. 427.— Basinet with Camail. From the Monumental Effigy of the Black Prince,

a tippet-like defence of interlaced chain mail, called the camail,
which hung down and protected the neck and shoulders. The
splendid basinet and camail of the Black Prince, from his effigy
at Canterbury, a.d. 1376 (No. 427), is illustrated as an example
of this head-covering.

A fine example of a Tilting Helmet of the reign of Edward
III., from the collection of Mr. Pratt, of Bond Street (No. 425),
was illustrated and described in the “Journal of the Archaeol.
Ass.,” Vol. VI. The strengthening-bar of this Helmet is orna-

HERALDRY.

mented with fleurs-de-lis, and the perforations are also made in
the form of fleurs-de-lis. Somewhat similar to this, but of later
date, is the Helm of the Black Prince (No. 426).

Later still the front strengthening-bar was dispensed with, and
the two slits were made into one.

On the top of the Helmet was fixed the Wreatli and the Crest.
(No. 428), is the Helm of Sir Edward de Thorpe, a.d. 1418,
with a mantling, and surmounted with a plume of feathers.

No. 428. — Helm, Ckest, etc., of Sik E. de Thorpe. Ashwel-Thorpe Church, Norfolk.

Many fine examples of the Tilting Helmet remain, some of
which have still the original crest attached, and others exhibit
the attaching arrangement. In Cobham Church, Kent, are several

. HELMETS.

329

Tilting Helmets (Nos. 433, 434, and 435), one of which has the
crest, an old man’s head (No. 435), fixed upon it.

At the end of the reign of Henry VIII. the Tilting Helmet
was discarded, but its use in achievements of arms is still re-
tained. Why some of the beautiful early examples, which abound,
are not taken as models by the modern heralds, instead of the
singularly unbecoming designs which constantly appear, it is
difficult to understand.

In modern Heraldry, the Helm always rests upon the chief of

No. 429.— Hei m of the Sovereign'. No. 430. — Helm of Princes and No»les..

the shield. Commoners, Knights, and Baronets have their crests
placed upon their Helms, the crest in every case being sustained
by its wreath, cap, or crest-coronet. Peers and Princes place the
coronet of their rank upon their Helm, and their crest, duly sup-
ported, is placed above the coronet. The Helm of the Sovereign,
and Princes of the Blood Royal, is of gold, and stands affronte^
guarded with six bars (No. 429). The Helm of nobles is of

HERALDRY.

1330

■silver, decorated with gold ; it is represented in profile^ and show-
ing Jive bars (No. 430).

On the monumental effigy of Thomas Ruthal, Abbot of West-
minster, and Bishop of Durham, his mitre is represented placed
upon a Royal helmet.

The Helm of Baronets and Knights is of steel, garnished with
silver, and standing affronte; the vizor is raised, and without bars
(No. 431).

The Helm of Esquires and Gentlemen has the vizor closed,
and is placed in projile (No. 432).

No. 431.— Helm of Baronet. No. 432. — Helm of Esquire.

Sometimes two helmets are placed over a shield, and, in this
instance, one is placed in the reverse direction, so that the crests
surmounting them may face one another. When three Helmets
bearing crests are placed over the shield, the middle one is
affro7ite, and the two outer ones are placed looking upon it.

Helmets are in many instances borne as charges upon the field.
Thus the Marquess of Cholmondeley bears gu. in chief two

HELMETS.

331

helmets in profile, arg., and in base a garb, or. In the nineteenth
century John Vi s a., three helms arg. The Earl of
Cardigan bears three morions, or steel caps. The Marquess of
Northampton bears, for Compton, sa., a lion pass, guard., or,
betw. three esquire's helmets, arg. The lion passant guardant was
added by permission of King Henry VIII.

No. 43^. No. 434 No. 435.

Helmets from Cobh.'\m Church, Kent.

CHAPTER XXV.

GENEALOGIES.

The records of the Descents and Alliances of families, are
closely bound up with the armorial bearings of such
families: To investigate, display, and enrol Genealogies, is part

of the duty of the Heralds of the College of Arms.

In arranging a Genealogy, the main line of descent is to be
indicated by keeping the successive names in a vertical column.
All persons of the same generation are to have their names in
the same horizontal line. Spaces of equal depth are to be
allowed to each generation. The members of the same family
are to be arranged in their order of birth in two groups — the sons
first, then the daughters — each series commencing from the lier-
aldic dexter side of the paper.

In extended Genealogies, distinct groups may be indicated by
inks of different colours. Badges may be placed with the names,
and, in some instance, shields of arms.

In compiling a Genealogy, it is necessary, in giving the fullest
particulars, also to use the greatest brevity. Abbreviations and
signs will frequently convey as much as the most lengthy de-

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of our Corporation this thirteenth day of December in the seventh year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord William the
Fourth by the grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King Defender of the Faith &c. and in
the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six.

(Signed) Chas. Geo. Young (seal)

A^ork Herald and Register.

336

GENEALOGIES.

scription ; for instance : son, son of ; dau., daughter of ; s. and h.,
son and heir of ; dan. and h., or coh., daughter and heiress, or
co-heiress; tv., for wife; m., was married; = placed between
their names signifies that the two persons specified were husband
and wife ; and the lines proceeding from this mark, thus ^ ^ T ^ ^
denote issue ; s. p. (sine prole), without children ; v. p., (vita
patris), in his or her father’s lifetime ; d., died at and on; &c., &c.

The actual arrangement of any historical Genealogy must be
determined in a great measure by the leading object which it is
intended to illustrate. The two preceding examples are portions
of the Royal Genealogy of England. The first traces the descent
of James I. upwards to four generations ; the second traces the
descent of Ralph Neville (now^ Neville-Grenville) from
Edward III. The latter simply records the single line of con-
nection ; the former deals also with the various branches and
offshoots.

CHAPTER XXVL

PRECEDENCE.

Henry VIIL, in 1539, first established a definite system
of general, or special Precedency, by statute. Various
subsequent regulations, and Royal letters patent, have contributed
to produce the Precedence now regarded as established, and practi-
cally in force among us.

THE ORDER OF PRECEDENCE.

The Sovereign.

The Prince of Wales.

The Sovereign’s younger sons.

The Sovereign’s grandsons.

The Sovereign’s uncles.

The Sovereign’s cousins.

The Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of all England.

The Lord Chancellor.

The Archbishop of York, Primate of England.

The Lord High Treasurer (now represented by the ‘‘Lords of
the Treasury,” of whom the “ First Lord ” is popularly entitled the
“ Prime Minister ”).

22

338

HERALDRY.

The Lord President of the Council.

The Lord Privy Seal.

The great Officers of State precede all Peers of their own
Degree (that is, if Dukes, they rank above all other Dukes ; if
Earls, in like manner, &c.) in the following order :

The Lord Great Chamberlain (when in the actual performance
of official duty).

The Lord High Constable.

The Earl Marshal.

The Lord Steward of the Queen’s Household.

The Lord Chamberlain of the Queen’s Household.

The Secretaries of State.

Then the Peers according to their patents of creation. First
those of England, Scotland, Great Britain, and of Ireland ; after-
wards those of the United Kingdom and of Ireland, created since
the Union.

The Dukes.

The Marquesses.

The eldest sons of Dukes.

The Earls.

The eldest sons of Marquesses.

The younger sons of Dukes.

The Viscounts.

The eldest sons of Earls.

The younger sons of Marquesses.

The Bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester.

PRECEDENCE.

339

The Bishops, according to seniority of consecration.

The Barons.

The Speaker of the House of Commons.

The Treasurer and the Comptroller of the Royal Household.
The Master of the Horse.

The Secretaries of State, being under the degree of Barons.
The eldest sons of Viscounts.

The younger sons of Earls.

The eldest sons of Barons.

The Knights of the Garter, the Thistle, and St. Patrick (not
being Peers).

The Privy Counsellors.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer.

The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.

The Lord Chief Justice of the Queen’s Bench.

The Master of the Rolls.

The Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas.

The Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer.

The Judge Ordinary.

The Lords Justices of Chancery.

The Vice-Chancellors.

The Judges of the Queen’s Bench and Common Pleas.

The Barons of the Exchequer.

The younger sons of Viscounts.

The younger sons of Barons.

The Baronets.

22 — ^

340

HERALDRY.

The Knights Grand Crosses of the Bath.

The Knights of the Star of India.

The Knights Grand Crosses of St. Michael and St. George.
Knights Commanders of the Bath and other Orders.

Knights.

Serj eants-at-Law.

Masters in Chancery and in Lunacy.

Companions of the Bath and other Orders.

Eldest sons of the younger sons of Peers.

Eldest sons of Baronets.

Eldest sons of Knights.

Esquires : including

Esquires to Knights of Orders of Knighthood ; the eldest sons
of all the sons of Viscounts and Barons, and the eldest sons of all
the younger sons of Peers, and their eldest sons in perpetual
succession :

The younger sons of Baronets :

Persons holding the Queen’s commission, whether in a civil,
naval, or military capacity :

Members of the Royal Academy of Arts :

Barristers :

Masters of Arts and Bachelors of Law :

Clergymen :

Gentlemen.

The Precedency of women before marriage is by the rank (but
not official rank) of their father, and all the sisters of any family

PRECEDENCE.

341

have the same degree. By marriage, women participate in the
dignities of their husbands (except in the case of certain official
dignities) \ but the dignities of wives are not imparted by marriage
to their husbands.

The wife of the eldest son of any degree precedes the sisters of
her husband, and also all other ladies of the same degree with
them, such ladies having place immediately after the wives of their
eldest brothers.

No. 436.— Arms of the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl Marshal.
From the Shield blazoned in the Heralds’ College.

CHAPTER XXVII.

THE COLLEGE OF ARMS.

The College of Arms, or Heralds’ College, as at present
constituted, consists of three Kings-of-Arms, entitled
Garter, Clarenceux, and Norroy; of these Garter is the chief,
and Clarenceux and Norroy have jurisdiction severally to the
South and North of the Trent; of six Heralds, entitled Wind-
sor, Chester, Lancaster, Somerset, York, and Richmond ; and of
four Pursuivants — Rouge Croix, Rouge Dragon, Bluemantle,
and Portcullis. There is another King-of-Arms, styled Bath,

THE COLLEGE OF ARMS.

343

or Gloucester, who has not a place in the Heraldic Chapter, whose
jurisdiction extends to the Principality of Wales. There are also
two other heraldic “ kings ” — Lord Lyon, for Scotland, and Ulster,
for Ireland.

At the head of the whole Heraldic Brotherhood, having his
high commission direct from the Sovereign, is the Earl Marshal
of England. This office is held by the Duke of Norfolk, and
it is hereditary in his family. The arms of his Grace, quarter
the hereditary insignia of Howard, Brotherton, Warren, and
Mowbray, and behind the shield, crossed in saltire, are Lcfo
Marshal’s staves or.^ e?iamelled at the ends sable (No. 436). The
arms of the College are : — arg.^ a cross of St. George, cantoning
four doves, their dexter wings elevated a?id inverted, az. (No. 438,
page 353)-

The exclusive privilege of deciding officially, respecting rights
of arms and claims for descents, was bestowed upon the Heralds
by Edward HI., and about the year 1425 they were regularly
constituted a corporate body. Originally the Heralds visited
different parts of the country for the purpose of examining the
rights of persons to bear arms, and they had the power to sum-
mon gentlemen to appear before them and prove their rights.

These visitations were performed by the provincial Kings-of-
Arms, &c., in precisely the same way that the Judges now hold
their Courts in different localities. They enquired into titles,
designations, pedigrees, arms, crests, &c. Their usual period for
holding their Courts was about once in thirty years.

344

HERALDRY.

In the time of King Charles II. a commission was granted,
authorizing Wm. Dugdale, Norroy King-of-Arms, to visit his
province “ according to laws of arms from time to time, as often
and when he shall think most meet and convenient for the same,
and to convent and call before him the said Norroy, or his
deputy, all manner of persons that do or pretend to bear arms,
or are styled Esquires or Gentlemen, and cause all such persons
then and there to produce and show forth by what authority and
right they do challenge and bear the same.” Power was also
granted to “ enter, upon reasonable request at reasonable, times
of the day, into all churches, castles, houses, and other places,”
and to “ correct, control, and reform all arms, crests, and devices
unlawfully usurped, and to reverse, pull down, or otherwise deface
arms, helms, banners, standards, or hatchments ; as also in plate,
jewels, paper, parchments, windows, gravestones, tombs, or monu-
ments, or wheresoever they be set.” * ^ “And furthermore

we prohibit, forbid, and command that no painter, glazier, gold-
smith, graver, or other artificer, shall take upon them to paint,
grave, glaze, devise, or set forth any manner of arms, crests, &c.,
in any other manner than shall be allowed by the said Norroy or
his deputies.”

It was customary for the King-of-Arms previous to his visita-
tion to send warrants to the bailiffs of the various Hundreds,
requiring them to summon the gentlemen, or reputed gentlemen,
in his province, to appear and bring with them the arms and crests
they bear, and to warn them of punishment if they disobey.

THE COLLEGE OF ARMS.

345

The King-of-Arms threatens “ to disclaim and make infamous
by proclamation, all such as shall refuse to make proof of their
gentry, having usurped the title thereof without just authority and
just calling.”

If those summoned refused to appear before the King-of-Arms,
they were summoned to appear before the Earl Marshal for
contempt.

Sometimes, for fear of being degraded by the public crier in
the market-place, they submitted to a punishment of a fine.

The following, copied from Guillim, is the kind of disclaimer
given by those unauthorized to bear arms :

“ Sept., 1663.

“ We whose names are here underwritten, being duly summonsed
by William Dugdale, Esq., Norroy King-of-Arms, in his visita-
tion of the County Palatine of Chester, as well for the approving
and justifying our bearing of arms, as the taking upon us names
and titles of Esquires or Gentlemen ; not being able to shew any
good right to either of those titles, nor knowing at present of any
arms belonging to us, do hereby disclaim all such attributes and
arms; and do promise henceforth to forbear to make use of
either, until such time as we can by lawful authority do the same.

“ROBERT MORREY, \

“JONATHAN CROSSE, ( • _

> of Chester.”

“JAMES KNOLL, (

“RICHARD HEATH, &c. j

346

HERALDRY.

Originally, great nobles granted arms, and arms were passed from
one person to another ; but it was the exception and not the rule.

The present duties of Heralds comprise grants of arms; the
tracing and drawing up of genealogies ; the recording arms and
genealogies in the registers of the Heralds’ College; recording
the creation and succession of Peers and others ; with all similar
matters, including the direction of Royal pageants and ceremonials.

In granting, confirming, or recording arms, the sole right rests
with the College of Arms. Some of the early grants and confir-
mations are most quaint and interesting. Two early examples
are given, the one an “ exemplification of the arms of Margerye
Cater ” (which is peculiar in that a crest is assigned to a lady) ;
the other the ‘‘exemplification of a crest by William Camden”
to George Hyde in the year i6oo.

Fro7H the “ Hyde Papers^'' Ashmolean MSS.

[Exemplification of the arms of Margerye Cater (wife to
William Hyde), daughter and heire of John Cater, of Letcomb-
Regis, in Berks, by William Heroye, Clarencieux; April 20, 1559.
Ashmoles transcripts, with trickings, and imitations of the signa-
tures.]

“Co all and singular as well as Kinges Heralds and Officers of
Arms, as nobles, gentlemen and others which theise presentes shall
see or here, William Heroye Esquire otherwise called Clarencieulx
Principall Heralde and Kinge of Amies of the Sowthe East and
Weast partes of England sendith due commendacons and greetinge.

THE COLLEGE OF ARMS.

347

Forasmoche as auncientlie from the bigynnynge the valiante and
vertuous actes of excellent parsons have been comended to the
worlde with sondrye monuments and remembraunces of their good
desertes Emonges the which one of the chefist and most vsuall
hath been the bearing of signes and tokens in shildes called armes,
the which are none other thinges then evidences and demonstracons
of proues and valvure diverslie distributed according to the qualli-
ties and deserttes of the parsons that such signes and tokens of
the diligent faithfull and couragious myghte apeare before the ne-
gligent cowarde and ignorant and be an efficient cause to move
stire and kindle the harttes of menu to the imytacion of vertue
and noblenes, Even so hath the same ben and yet ys continuallie
observid to thintent that such as have done comendable service to
their Prince or contrey eyther in war or pease, maye both receyve
due honour in their lyves and also deryve the same successively to
their posteritie after them. And being requyred of Margerye •
Cater daughter and heire of John Cater of Letcombe Regis in
the countie of Berkshire Gentilman to make search in the registers
and recordes of myne office for the armes and crest belonginge to
the said John Cater her father and his auncestors and I fownde the
same accordinglie And so consideringe the antiquitie thereof could
not alter nor change the same nor no parte nor parcell thereof but to
the great prejudice of the said Margerye. In consideracon
whereof I the said Clarencieulx King of Armes by povvere and
auctoritie to myne office annexed and graunted by Lres Pattents
vnder the Create Seale of England have ratefyed and confyrmed

348

HERALDRY.

vnto the saide Margerye daughter to the saide John Cater and
now wyfe to William Hyde of South Denchworth in the Countie
of Berkshire Esquire the said armes with the appurtenaunces here-
after followinge, That is to say ermytie on a pyle gules, a lyon passant
golde. The creaste vpon the heaulme, a lyon's head razid barrey of
six peces golde and azure, on a wreathe golde and gides mafitelled gules
doubled argent as more playnly appeareth depicted yn this margent.

“ 2T0 have and houlde the said armes and creaste vnto the said
Margerye Cater gentlewoman daughter to the foresaide John
Cater and vnto all the posteritie of the said John Cater for
evermore and therein to be revested to theyr worshippes at their
libertie and pleasure without ympediment lett or interrupcon of
anye person or persons. Hn initntSS whereof I the said Claren-
cieulx Kinge of Armes have signed these presentes with my hande
and set thereonto the seal of myne office and the seal of myne
» armes. Geven at London the XX daye of Apryll in the yeare of
oure Lorde God a thousand fyve hundred fiftie and nyne, and in
the first yeare of the reigne of oure most dread Sovereigne Ladye
Elizabeth by the grace of Godd Queene of England Fraunce
and Ireland, Deffender of the Faithe, &c.

“ W. Heroye, als Clarencieux Kinge of Armes.”

[Exemplification of a crest by William Camden, Clarencieux,
to George Hyde, of South Denchworth; Nov. 20, 1600.]

‘‘ ^0 all and singular to whom these presents shall come to be
sene read or heard, William Camden Esquire, alias Clarencieux

THE COLLEGE OF ARMS.

349

Principall Herald and King of Armes of the East West and South
partes of England, from the River Trent southward sendeth due co-
mendacion in our Lord God everlasting — For as much as it evident-
ly and plainly appeareth by divers and sundry
auncient evidences dated the fieft yeare of
King Edward the Third, that the ances-
tors of George Hyde of South Denchworth
in the county of Berks Esquire have hereto-
fore in their seales used for their devise or
cognizance a Lance or horseman’s staff with
a flagg or cornet thereat &c. And being re-
quired by the said George Hyde Esquire to
ratefie and confirm unto him the said devise,
emprese or cognizance have at his request
ratefied, and confirmed, and by these presentes
doe ratefie and confirme unto the said George
Hyde Esquire and to his posteritie that is to
say on a wreath argent and gules a Lance or
horsema?i!s staffe silver with a fiagge or cornet
gules fringed argent ; as more plainly appear-
eth depicted in the margent, which crest or cognizance I the said
Clarencieux King of Armes by power and authoritie unto my office
attributed and annexed do by these presents confirm and warrant
to the said George Hyde Esquier and his posteritie with their
due differences, and he or they the same to use beare or shew
forth, at his or their liberte and pleasure for evermore without any

A

ARG.

No. 437.

350

HERALDRY,

contradiccion or controllment of any person or persons whatso-
ever hiitnrss whereof I the King of Arines aforesaid e have
hereunto sett my hand and seale of office Dated the twoe and
twentieth day of November in the three and fortieth year of the
raigne of our Soveraigne Lady Elizabeth by the grace of God
Quene of England Fraunce and Ireland Defender of the
Fayth &c 1600.

‘‘ (Signed) Willm. Camden, Clarencieux Kinge of Armes.”

The origin of our present system of arms is not very certain.
It was a system which partly grew out of a necessity for distinctive
marks, and partly as being the easiest and best means of marking
some heroic deed on the field. Armorial bearings are again being
granted with appropriateness and consistency, and the charges are
selected with some of the ancient spirit and meaning. The coats
granted in the last and the early part of the present century are,
some of them, simply ridiculous. It is most interesting to trace
the source from whence some of our old families derived their
armorial bearings, and the causes which suggested the adoption of
some of the charges. Thousands of fables have been designed in
reference to arms. The family of De Vere bear a mullet of five
points, and it is written that in 1098 the Christians being near
Antioch, and the night waxing dark, to give them safety there ap-
peared a white star or mulette of five points, which to “ every maffis
sighte did lighte and arreste upon the standard of De Vere, there
shyning excessively.’^

THE COLLEGE OF ARMS.

351

Another romantic origin of heraldic device is given in the
Chronicles of Sir John Froissart, written about the year 1382,
“ whiche Cronycle begynneth at the raygne of the moost noble and
valyant kynge Edwarde the thyrde, the yere of our lorde a
thousande thre hundred and sixtene ; and contynueth to the be-
gynning of the reigne of king Henry the fourth, the yere of our
lord God a thousand and four hundred : ” “ Translated out of
frenche into our maternall englysshe tonge at the high commande-
ment of kynge Henry the viii., kynge of Englande and of Fraunce,”
&c., &c.

Whyle the kynge (of France) lay at saynt Lyse (Senlis), on a
night as he lay in his bedde aslepe, he had a visyon. It semed to
hym that the erle of Flaunders dyd set on his fist a fayre faucon,”
and that “ the faucon mounted so high into y® ayre, that they coude
scant se her,’’ and the King thought he should lose the falcon.
“ And at this poynt, the kynge thought there apered sodenly before
hym a great Hart with wynges ” . . “ and so the kynge thought

he mounted on this flying Hart,” which dyde beare him over all
the great wodes and trees, and there he sawe his faucon ”...
“and therwith the king awoke, and had great marueyle of that
visyon, and he remembred euery thynge therof right well, and the
fygure of this Hart pleased hym so moche, that all his ymaginacion
was set thereon. And this was one of y® firste incydentes that
when he went into Flanders to fight with the flemynges, he toke
to his deuyse, to beare the flyeing Hart.” — “ S/r John Froissarfs
Chronicles

352

HERALDRY.

Armorial bearings frequently have reference to some historical
event, sometimes to the character of the first bearer, and sometimes
to a jurisdiction or possession. The Crusades most probably
brought into Heraldry charges such as the escallop-shell, the cres-
cent, &c., &c. ; but there is no direct evidence to confirm this.
Great numbers of armorial bearings conform to the name of the
family by whom they are borne, such as shuttles^ by Shuttleworth ;
beckets^ by Thomas a Beckett; swallows (French, hirondelles)^
by Arundel; calves^ by Calveley; cold-wells, by Caldwell;
doves, by Dove; daisies, by Dasie; a doe and bells, by Dobell;
and a sprig of saffron eiiclosed by a wall, by the town of Saffron
Walden. I'hese punning or allusive arms were in great favour by
the Heralds of the middle ages, and Guillim says, “ If many
families had not changed those names they had at first, for others,
there wou’d be abundance more arms implying their bearer’s names
to the beholders.”

It is very evident that when a man’s arms are canting arms (that
is, in allusion to his name), such arms were not granted for any
noble or heroic deed. Sir George Mackenzie, however, says,
some have got their possessions as rewards, and have taken their
surnames from their land, and their arms to suit their names. Some,
too, have taken their names from their arms ; for “ being strangers,
the people amongst whom they came not knowing their names,
gave them names from the symbols they did bare.”

Some of the oldest coats of arms in English Heraldry have
undergone alteration from time to time, and the bearings of many

THE COLLEGE OE ARMS

353

families clearly show that such families were descended from other
countries than England ; and it is probable that for the introduction
of arms into England we are indebted to France. The extensive
use of French words, both ancient and modern, in our heraldic
terms, goes far to prove this.

It has been said that the concession of arms has been deputed
to the Kings-of-Arms ; but arms are also derived by marriage with
an heiress, and by tenure of office, Royal, ecclesiastical, or other-
wise.

No. 438. — Arms of the Heralds’ College.

From the Shield blazoned in the College.

Quartering can be granted by the Earl Marshal, and it is usual,
uj'on tlie assumption of an additional surname by the bearer of
a coat of arms, for the Earl Marshal to grant permission to such
bearer to assume the arms belonging to the additional name, and
to quarter them with his own.

Arms are now considered to be the property of a family ; but
originally they belonged to individuals, and since tlie reign of

23 ,

354

HERALDRY,

Henry III. tliey have become hereditary. Different generations
differ in their appreciation of arms and Heraldry, but their true
significance and principles remain, and at the present time there is
a growing and improving appreciation, and a desire to learn and
know more of the art of Heraldry, which is very gratifying.

No. 439. — Modern Hatchment.
Debased Heraldry of the 19th century.

No. 440.— Union Jack No. 441.— Union Jack

Of April 12, 1606. Of Jan. i, 1801.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

FLAGS.

Armorial bearings are represented on Flags in the same
manner as they are upon a shield, surcoat, or tabard, and
the same rules of blazoning are to be observed ; but it must be
remarked that the charges always turn to the staff.

The earliest Flags of our own country, which are represented
on the Bayeux Tapestry as being carried by the Norman soldiery,
have three points, or streamers. These are small in size, and may
be more properly called Pennons : they bear simple devices, such
as roundels, bars, or pales.

The three principal varieties of the Flag used in the middle ages
were the Pennon, the Banner, and the Standard.

The Pennon was the ensign of knightly rank, small in size,
generally triangular shaped, or pointed, or swallow-tailed at the fly,
and was borne immediately below the lance-head. The Pennon

23 — 2

356

HERALDRY.

was charged with the badge or armorial ensign of the bearer, and
was generally richly fringed with gold. Many good examples re-
main on the monumental brasses, as in that illustrated on page 65.
On the Pennon, the charges were not generally placed turning to
the staff or lance, but were so arranged that they would appear in
their proper positions when the weapon was horizontal, or laid for
the charge.

The Banner was square or oblong in form, and bore only the
coat of arms of the owner. It was borne by Knights-Bannerets,
and also by nobles, Princes, and even Sovereigns. On the field
of battle the knight was sometimes promptly promoted to the rank
of Knight-Banneret, and the simple form of ceremonial observed
was, the cutting off the pointed end or ends of his Pennon, and
thus transforming it into a banner. The Roll of Caerlaverock
gives the arms of nearly one hundred of the nobles and Bannerets
who were present with Edward I. in his campaign against Scotland
in 1300.

It may be remarked that the Banner was not only the ensign of
the Banneret himself, but also of his retainers and followers, and
of the division of an army under his command.

Two remarkable examples of Banners, wrought in stone, as ac-
cessories to the monument of Ludovic Robsart, K.G., in West-
minster Abbey, are represented as being supported at the base by
a lion and a falcon.

The sails of ships in the middle ages were made to serve the
purpose of Banners and Standards ; and some most interesting

^ FLAGS.

357

examples are to be found on seals, old paintings, &c. No. 442
represents the ship Standard of the Earl of Warwick. '

The Standard was of much larger proportions than the Banner,
and it bore all, or any of, the accessories of arms, such as badges,
the motto, &c. At the time of Edward III., when it just came
into use, it was of great length, and tapered towards the extremity,
and It was generally divided per fesse into two tinctures.

All the numerous and varied devices of the owner were blazoned
on the Standard, and its size was determined by the rank of the
personage by whom it was displayed.

The English Standards of the Tudor era generally had the cross
of St. George at their head.

No. 443 is one of the Standards of Henry Plantagenet of
Bolingbroke, which is a peculiarly characteristic example of the
heraldic Flags of the middle ages : it is per fesse a?'g. and az.y the

No 442. — Sail of Arms of Earl Warwick.

358

HERALDRY.

livery .colours of the Lancastrians, having at the head the cross of
St. George^ semee of badges of Prince Henry, red roses, the
De Bohun white swan, goldeft woodstocks, and fox's tails profer.
Standards appear to have been used solely for the purpose of dis-
play, and to add to the splendour of military gatherings and royal
pageants.

■ The Royal Standard of the present day is of square or oblong
form, and bears the Royal arms only, as did the mediaeval banner.

The National Banners of England, Scotland, and Ireland are
severally the crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick.
According to the rules of Heraldry, the Banner should have been
quartered, but the cross of St. George was incorrectly placed upon
the saltire of St. Andrew, it is believed, to prevent a jealousy which
would have arisen if the Banners had been quartered, and precedence
had been given to England. To avoid the violation of the rule
of colour not being placed upon colour, the cross of St. George
was represented with a narrow fimbiiation or border of white. This

FLAGS.

359

combination was declared by James L, April 12, 1606, to be the
national ensign of Great Britain (No. 440, page 355).

The present “ Union Jack ” is a combination of that of James 1.
and the Banner of St. Patrick. In incorporating Ireland, the
previous plan was adopted, and the red saltire was placed on the
white saltire of Scotland (No. 441, page 355).

The English E?isig?is are the “ White Ensign,” the “ Blue En-
sign,” and the Red Ensign.” The first is a white Flag with a
cross of St. George (or what may be called a “ St. George Flag ”),
cantoned with the ‘‘Jack;” the second and third are plain rfed
and blue Flags, similarly cantoned. The Red Ensign is specially
the “ Ensign of England.”

The Flag of the AdniFalty is red^ with a yelloiv anchor and cable
set fesse-wise (No. 210, page 106). Very long and narrow stream-
ers, either red, white, or blue, and charged at the head with a
cross of St. George, and termed Pendants, are the symbols of
command in the Royal Navy.

Military Flags generally bear the cypher, numoer, device, motto,
and honours ot the corps. To give even a brief description of
this class of Flags would be impossible in this work ; but the sub-
ject is exceedingly interesting, and is worth the student’s consider-
ation.

The National Flags of foreign countries, is another branch of
the subject, which it is almost necessary for every one to under-
stand, who comes in contact with the foreign shipping which visits
our shores.

360

HERALDRY.

Upon the highest tower of the castle of the mediaeval noble was
displayed his Banner, and this custom most probably gave rise to
that of placing metal vanes on the highest points of churches,
castles, and other buildings. Hundreds of examples remain of
vanes pierced with arms, badges, religious symbols, &c. No. 444
is an example from Etchingham Church, Sussex* (illustrated and
described in the Archaeol. Journal ”), bearing the arms of Etching-
ham, of six pieces. This most pleasing custom, in later times
degenerated into that of piercing the names of churchwardens who
had “repaired” or “beautified” the church or steeple.

No. 444 — Antiknt Vane at Etchingham Church, Sussex.

CHAPTER XXIX.

OFFICIAL AND CORPORATE HERALDRY.

ORPORATE bodie.s, both civil and ecclesiastical, have

been assigned arms from the earliest times of Heraldry.
This class of arms is perhaps one of the most interesting, and the
associations whicli are attached to them render them peculiarly
attractive to students of Heraldry.

The arms belonging to this class are so numerous that they
would form a goodly volume. Every Bishopric, every abbey and
conventual establishment bore arms ; all the colleges and schools
of learning, all corporate towns, commercial companies, and guilds,
had their separate arms and seals.

I. Arms of the Archbishops and Bishops, and of their several
Sees. The arms are the insignia of the several Sees, and each
Prelate impales the arms of his own See on the dexter side, with
his own paternal arms on the sinister side.

Canterbury : az., an archiepiscopal staff in pale^ or, ensigned
with a cross pattee arg, siirmounted by a pall of the last, fimbriated
and frmged gold, and charged with four crosses formees fitchces sa.
In the old examples the crosses are not always fitchees.

ARCHBISHOPS.

362

HERALDRY.

York : gii., ttvo keys m saltire arg.^ in chief an imperial crown of
England. The arms of the See of York were originally the same
as those of Canterbury. The change was made about a.d. 1540.

BISHOPS.

London : gu.., two swords in saltire, arg, pommels or.

Durham : az., a lion, cantoning four lioncels rampt. or.

Winchester : gu., two keys, addorsed, m bend, the upperjnost
argent, the other or, a sword interposed between them, in bend sinister,
of the second, hilt and pommel of third.

Bangor : gu., a bend or, guttee de poix, between two 7nullets arg.,
pierced of the field.

Bath and Wells : az., a saltire quarterly quartered or and arg.

Carlisle : arg., on a cross sa., a 7nitre labelled or.

Chester : gu., three mitres, two and one, labelled or.

Chichester : az., a Prester John sitting on a tombstone, in his
left hand a mound, his right extended, all or, with a linen mitre 07i
his head, and in his mouth a sword ppr.

Ely : gu., three crowns, two and one, or.

Exeter : gu., a sword m pale ppr., hilt and pommel or, sur-
mounting hvo keys, in saltire of the last.

Gloucester and Bristol : az., two keys, in saltire, or, for
Gloucester; impaling sa., three ducal C7'07vns in pale or, for Bristol.

Hereford : gu., three leopards faces reversed, jessa7it de Us, or.

Lichfield : per pale gu. and arg., a cross pote7it a7id quadrate,
between four crosses pattees, all cou7itercha7iged.

OFFICIAL AND CORPORATE HERALDRY 363

Lincoln : gu.^ two lions of England^ on a chief az., the Blessed
Virgin, sitting, crowned and sceptred, and holding the Holy Child, or.

Llandaff : sa., two pastoral staves in saltire, or and arg., on a
chief az., three mitres labelled gold.

Manchester : or, 07i a pale engrailed gu., three mih'es labelled
gold ; on a canton of the second, three bendlets enhanced arg.

Norwich : az., three mitres labelled, two and one, or.

Oxford : sa., a fesse arg., in chief three ladfs heads issnant,
arrayed and veiled, arg., crowned or, in base, a?i ox of the second,
passajit over a ford ppr.

Peterborough : gu., between four crosslets fitchees, two keys m
saltire, or.

Ripon ; arg., on a saltire gu., two keys in saltire, or, on ci chief
of the second, an Ag7ius Dei.

Rochester : arg., 07i a saltire gu. a7t escallop-shell or.

St. Asaph : sa., hvo keys m saltire, addorsed arg.

St. David’s : sa., 07i a cross or, five cinquefoils of the first.

Salisbury : az., the Blessed Virgm a7id Child, in her left ha7id a
sceptre or.

Worcester : arg., te7i torteaux m pile.

universities.

Oxford : az., 07t a book ope7t ppr., gar?iished or, havmg on the
dexter side seve7t seals gold, the words dominus illuminatio mea,
between three croimis of the last.

Cambridge : gu., on a cross er7n., betwec7i four lions of E7igla7td,

364

HERALDR K

a Bible lying fesse-wise of the field, clasped and garnished gold, the
clasps in base.

If this chapter could have been extended, the arms of the
various Colleges would have been added to those of the Uni-
versities.

The different Counties of the United Kingdom habitually use
arms, which have probably been adopted from the heraldic insignia
of the Earls or Counts.

CHAPTER XXX.

MISCELLANEOUS.

The College of Arms grants arras to any of Her Majesty’s
subjects, whether resident in England or in any of her
dominions. No. 445 is an example of a very recent grant to Mr.
Munguldass Nuthoobhoy, of Girgaum House, Bombay : he
bears a)-g.^ cnvb'oned by two sickles interlaced, a garb of ripe rice, all
ppr.; on a chief indented az., betweeii two bezants, a midlet or.

366

HERALDRY.

Crest — 071 a i7iou7id vert a7i elepha7tt stata7it, holding in his tnink a

MISCELLANEO US.

367

pabn-branch., all ppr.^ charged on his side with tivo midlets in fesse^
or. Motto — “ Wisdom above richesi'

No. 446 is a recent grant to Mr. Cowasjee Jehanghier, of
Bombay : — az., within an orle of eight mullets^ the sun m splendour
or ; on a canton arg., the rose of E^iglaiid and the lotus of India in
saltire ppr. Crest — on a mound vert^ a low pillar^ the base and

HERALDRY.

368

capital masoned^ flames of fire issuing therefrom. Mottoes — My
life is His iv ho gave itf and above the crest, Bunting I shine

To these two illustrations of armorial insignia now borne by
authority by two subjects of Her Majesty who are natives of
India, both of them men of wealth and influence, and also of
munificent liberality, magistrates, and Fellows of the University
of Bombay, may be added the arms of a third native gentleman
of India, Mr. Cursetjee Furdoonjee Paruk, of Bombay, who
bears — arg.^ a chevron gu., between three ancient galleys sa. ; on a
chief az., between tu’o estoiles, the sun in spletidour or. Crest — on a
mound vert., a winged lion passant or, charged oti the shoulder with
an estoile az., and behind hitti a palm-tree ppr. Motto — “ A good
conscience is a sure defence^'' These ancient galleys and the winged
lion refer to the early migration of the Parsees of India from
Persia, as the rice-garb and sickles may be supposed to denote
the former agricultural avocations of the family of the banker.

Architectural Heraldry is a beautiful and expressive record
of English history, and in our cathedrals, abbeys, and churches,
v/e find the heraldic shield among the chief ornaments ; and, but
for the Puritan iconoclasts, the painted walls and the coloured
glass of the windows would have furnished an enormous quantity
of heraldic decoration that would have been valuable to the artist,
antiquarian, and the historian.

The hundreds of sculptured shields in the mognificient archi-
tectural cloisters of Canterbury Cathedral alone would repay the
heraldic student for a visit to Canterbury. Westminster Abbey,

MISCELLANEO US.

369

Westminster Hall, St. Albans Abbey, are also worthy of any
amount of time and attention that could be devoted to them.

The tile pavements of Westminster, Gloucester^ Worcester, &c.,
although exceedingly rude, are full of spirit, and abound in histori-
cal information.

Monumental Heraldry may also be classed with that of
Architecture. From the monuments of Westminster Abbey, and
the cathedrals and abbeys of England, the modern designer has
much to learn. The brasses of the reign of Richard II. are full
of heraldic interest.

Upon many of our English monuments we find not only the
arm.s of the deceased, but those of near relatives, and even of
sons-in-law and daughters-in-law ; and thus a monument bears the
historical representation of the family and its connections, which
the beholders, who could not read, could yet understand.

The monument erected by James I. to the memory of Queen
Elizabeth, in Westminster Abbey, is in itself a complete chapter
of Royal Heraldry, as such a chapter would be written by the
heralds of the first Stuart who wore the crown of Great Britain.

In Monumental, and Architectural Heraldry, may be included
a group of religious and symbolical devices, which appear en-
graved on brasses and carved in stone on shields. These devices
are :

I. The emblems of the four Evangelists : the angel of St.
Matthew, the winged lion of St. Mark, the winged ox of St.
I.UKE, and the eagle of St. John.

24

370

HERALDRY,

2. The emblems of our Lord’s passion : the cross, nails,
scourges, crown of thorns, reed with hyssop, the dice of the
soldiers, &c.

3. And the singular shield designed to symbolize the Holy
Trinity, which is represented in No. 448.

No. 448.— Symbol ok the Holy Trinity,

Tricking is a method used in representing the tinctures of a
coat of arms, when a rough sketch, or simple memorandum of the
charges of a shield is required, as in the example No. 437. The
heralds in their visitations usually represented arms thus, simply
sketched in outline with pen and ink.

Book-plates furnish the heraldic artist with great opportunities
for displaying his ability, and some of the designs of the last two
or three years are really very clever and interesting. Some one
or two hundred years ago these were printed from wood blocks,
and were drawn with broad black lines, as in the example No.
449 ; and these were followed by steel engravings and fine thin

MISCELLANEO US.

371

lines. It is usual to represent the whole armorial insignia on
book-plates. There is scarcely a limit to the artist in designing
and arranging the shield and its accessories, and some of the early
seals furnish very good suggestions for grouping and treating
these.

No. 449.— Shield, Helm, Crest, and Motto of the Family of Porter.

24 — 2

No. 450. — Shield of Edward III,

From his Monument in Westminster Abbey, the Garter being added.

CHAPTER XXXI.

KNIGHTHOOD.

Knighthood is of such antiquity that history cannot
record its origin. Tennyson, in beautiful words, has
conveyed to us some idea of the Knighthood of King Arthur’s
time, and it is possible that the Knighthood of the middle ages
may have been founded upon some traditions of the Knighthood
of the earlier times. Its good influence upon men in the rude
times in which it was instituted cannot be over-estimated ; and
althougli there was much that was romantic and superstitious

KNIGHTHOOD.

373

attached to some of the different Orders, yet the chivalry and
the love of equity and honour that was called forth, did much to
raise this country from a state of barbarism to that of civilization.

The ceremony used in the creation of Knights in the middle
ages was most impressive. The Church sanctioned and took part
in it : the shield and banner of the knight were consecrated, and
after service in the Crusades they became objects of veneration.
Suspending the banners of Knights, and the flags of regiments of
brave soldiers, in churches, still remains a custom with us.

Knighthood called forth the skilled workmen, who forged, bur-
nished, and enamelled the beautiful armour the Knights wore ;
it helped to develop the artistic taste of the sculptor and the
embroiderer, and it attracted to our shores, artists and mechanics,
who did much to spread knowledge and to raise the taste of the
country.

The gorgeous pageantry, and the sumptuous heraldic pomp and
display, of Knighthood in the middle ages, can, probably, never
again be repeated, but its influence will ever be felt

Knighthood in its early days did much to encourage men to
lead noble and blameless lives, and none but the brave and good
entered into its brotherhood. Shakspeare, in “ Henry VI.,” Part
I. (referring to the Order of the Garter), says :

When first this Order was ordain’d, my lords,

Knights of the Garter were of noble birth,

Valiant, and virtuous, full of haughty courage—

Such as were grown to credit by the wars ;

Not fearing death, nor shrinking for distress,

374

HERALDRY.

But always resolute in most extremes.

He then that is not furnish’d in this sort
Doth but usurp the sacred name of knight,

Profaning this most honourable Order ;

And should (if I were worthy to be judge)

Be quite degraded, like a hedge-born swain
That doth presume to boast of gentle blood.

Passing by those semi-priestly Orders founded at the time of
the Crusades, such as the Hospitallers, about a.d. 1092; the
Templars, a.d. 1118, &c., &c., the most important of all early
Orders was the Order of the Garter.

The Most Noble Order of the Garter was instituted by
King Edward III. in the year 1350, the twenty-fourth of his
reign. The early institution cannot be traced with certainty, but
it is believed that the King was anxious to collect about him
noble men and brave soldiers, and to excite a spirit of emulation
among his subjects. He erected a round table at Windsor, as
King Arthur had done at Winchester, and while the castle
hall was dedicated to the purpose of hospitality, the knightly
guests were reminded of the bond of ‘‘piety, sincerity, and
friendship ” which linked them together.

The Order from the first has borne the same title, has num-
bered twenty-five knights, including the Prince of Wales, the
Sovereign being the twenty-sixth, and it has ever been ranked as
the highest dignity of Knighthood in the world. The popular and
romantic anecdote that the Countess of Salisbury, in dancing
with the King, let fall her garter, and that the circumstance

KNIGHTHOOD.

375

was

Nos. 451, 452, 453.— Insignia of the Order of the Garter.

the immediate origin of the Order, may or may not be true '

376

HERALDRY.

Mr. Planche says there may be more truth in the tradition than
has generally been supposed; but there can be no doubt that
from the first, although the original statutes of the Order have
undergone changes, it was a most honourable institution, and its
original fundamental character has never been altered. The
stalls of the Knights of the Garter are in the Chapel of St.
George, at Windsor. 'The stall-plates, with the emblazoned arms
of the Knights, and their banners, are among the most valuable
and interesting heraldic records. The insignia of the Order are
the Garter and motto, the Star, the Ribbon, and Badge, and the
Collar with the George; and the costume consists of the Surcoat,
Hat, and Mantle.

The Garter (No. 453) is charged with the Motto, ^‘honi soit
QUi MAL Y PENSE,” in letters of gold, with golden borders, buckle,
and pendant. It was originally of light blue, but now it is of
dark blue. It is worn by the Queen, the Sovereign of the Order,
on the left arm above the elbow, and by the Knights on the left
leg below the knee.

The Mantle is of blue velvet, lined with white taffeta. It has
the Badge upon the left shoulder, and is fastened with a rich
cordon and tassels.

The Hood and the Surcoat are of crimson velvet, the latter
being lined like the mantle.

The Hat is of black velvet, lined with white taffeta. It is
decorated with a lofty plume of white ostrich feathers, in the

KNIGHTHOOD.

377

centre of which is a tuft of black heron’s feathers, the whole being
attached to the Hat by a clasp of diamonds.

The Badge is circular, and is formed of a buckled Garter, with
the motto, enclosing the cross of St. George on white enamel.

No. 454.— Star of the Order of the Garter.

The Star is the badge, first ordered by Charles I. The rays
are of silver or diamonds. The star is worn on the left breast
(No. 454).

The Collar and the George were added to the insignia by
Henry VII. The Collar is of gold, weighing thirty-six ounces,
and consists of twenty-six pieces, alternately buckled Garters and

378

HERALDRY,

interlaced knots of cords. The Garters encircle alternately a red
rose charged with a white one, and a white rose charged with a
red one (No. 452). The George, executed in coloured enamel,
is a figure of St. George on his charger, in the act of piercing
the dragon with his lance, it forms a pendant to the collar
(No. 452); a second George, distinguished as the Lesser George^'
has the same device of gold, charged upon an enamelled ground,
and encircled by a buckled Garter, the whole forming an oval
(No. 451). This George is worn depending from the Ribbon of
the Order, which was originally of black, but Queen Elizabeth
changed it to a light blue, and George I. again changed it to
dark blue, of which hue it still continues. The Ribbon passes
over the left shoulder, and crosses the figure both in front and
behind. The Ribbon with its George are now commonly worn by
Knights of the Garter as accessories of their ordinary costume;
the Star and the Garter are also added in evening dress.

The Officers of the Order are :

The Prelate, always the Bishop of Winchester.

The Chancellor, the Bishop of Oxford.

The Badge of the Prelate, is St. George on horseback killing
the dragon, of gold enamelled, encompassed by the Garter, and
ensigned by an episcopal mitre ; and the Badge of the Chancellor
is a red rose enamelled in gold, having on the reverse, the arms of
St. George, and encircled by the Garter on both sides. These
two badges are attached to blue ribbons, and are worn with the
episcopal robes.

KNIGHTHOOD.

379

The other Officers of the Order are :

The Registrar^ the Dean of Windsor. His Badge is of gold,
with a representation of the Register of the Order enamelled in
crimson, relieved with gold, charged with two gold pens in saltire
enamelled proper, the whole surmounted with a crown, over a
small compartment with the letters G. R. III.

Tlie Herald: Garter King-of-Arms (the principal officer of
arms). His Badge is of gold, having on both sides the arms of St.
George impaled with those of the Sovereign, encircled with the
Garter, the whole enamelled and ensigned with the Imperial crown.

And the Usher of the Black Rod.

Knights of the Garter place after their names the initials K.G.,
which take precedence of all other titles. On the death of any
Knight, the insignia which he had worn is returned by his nearest
representative to the Sovereign ; a usage which has prevailed since
the time of Charles II. The insignia of the officers is allowed
to be retained by their representatives.

The Most Noble and Most Ancient Order of the
Thistle of Scotland. — This Order is supposed to have been
instituted at an early period, but the date of its origin is not
known. It was revived in 1540 by James V. of Scotland;
by James II. of England in 1679 ; by Queen Anne in
1703; and the statutes underwent alteration by George I. and
George IV.

The Order consists of the Sovereign and sixteen Knights.

The Star of this Order, worn on the left side, is formed of a

38o

HERALDRY.

Nos. 455, 456.— Insignia of the Order of the Thistle.

St. Andrew’s Cross of silver, with rays issuing from between the
points, so as to form a lozenge; in the centre, upon a field of
gold, is a thistle proper, surrounded by a circle of green enamel,
charged with the Motto in golden letters (No. 457).

The Collar^ of gold, consists of sixteen thistles, alternating with

KNIGHTHOOD.

381

as many sprigs of rue, four in each group, interlaced, all enamelled
proper (No. 456).

No. 457.— Star of the Order of the Thistle.

The Jewel or Badge, attached to the collar, or worn depending
from a broad dark green Ribbon which crosses the left shoulder,
is formed of a figure of Sx. Andrew, of gold enamelled, his sur-
coat purpure, and his mantle vert, bearing before him his own
cross saltire, the whole being irradiated with golden rays, and
surrounded by an oval bearing the ffiotto, “nemo me impune
lacessit” (No. 455). The jewel is also worn as in No. 456.

The Order is indicated by the initials K.T. The insignia are
returned to the Sovereign on the decease of a Knight,

382

HERALDRY.

The Officers of the Order are the Dean^ the Lord Lyo?i
King-o/-Arms, and the Getitleman Usher of the Green Rod.

Nos. 458, 459.— Insignia of the Order of St. Patrick.

The Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick, of Ireland.
— This Order was instituted by George III., February 5, 1783,

KNIGHTHOOD.

383

and now consists of the SoverelgUj the Grand Master^ and twe^ity-
two Knights.

The insignia are :

The Mantle, made of rich sky-b^ue tabinet, lined with white silk,

No. 460. — Star of the Order of St, Patrick.

and fastened by a cordon of blue silk and gold, with tassels. On
the right shoulder is the Hood, of the same materials as the
mantle, and on the left side is the Star (No. 460).

The Ribboji, of sky-blue, four inches in width, is worn over the
right shoulder, and sustains the badge (No. 458) when the collar

IS not worn.

384

HERALDRY,

The Collar^ of gold, is composed of red and white roses, alter-
nating with harps, tied together with knots of gold.

The Badge or Jewels of gold, is oval in form.

The Motto is of gold letters on a band of sky-blue enamel.

The Star^ worn on the left side, differs from the badge only in
being circular in form, and in substituting for the exterior wreath
of shamrocks, eight rays of silver.

The Order is indicated by the initials K.P.

The Officers of the Order are the Prelate^ the Archbishop
OF Armagh ; the Chancellor^ the Archbishop of Dublin ; the
Registrar, the Dean of St. Patrick’s ; the Genealogist; the
Usher of the Black Rod; Ulster King-of-Arms ; two Heralds,
and four Pursuivants.

The Most Honourable Order of the Bath. — This Order,
originally instituted as early as the reign of Henry IV., was re-
founded by George I., May 25, 1725. Among the various rites
and ceremonies attending the ancient usage, was the symbolical
act of bathing. The last lingering instances of conformity with
the primitive observances are recorded to have taken place on
the occasion of the coronation of Charles II., who created
sixty-eight Knights, and from that time to 1725, the Order was
neglected and fell into oblivion.

In 1815 the Order was remodelled, and for “the purpose of
commemorating the auspicious termination of the long and
arduous contests in which this empire had been engaged,” it
was decided that it should consist of three classes :

KNIGHTHOOD.

385

Nos. 461, 462.— -Insignia of the Order of the Bath.

25

386

HERALDRY.

The First Class consists of Knights called Knights Grand
Cross (G.C.B.), of the Naval, Military, and Diplomatic services.

The Second Class are Knights Commanders (K.C.B.), also of
the three services.

The Third Class are Companions (C.B.), and are not entitled
to the style and title of Knighthood.

The Naval and Military insignia are as follows :

The Collar, of gold, in weight thirty ounces (No. 462), is com-
posed of nine imperial crowns, and eight groups of rose, thistle,
and shamrock, issuing from a sceptre, and enamelled proper, all

KNIGHTHOOD.

387

linked together with seventeen knots enamelled ar,, and having
the Badge as a pendant.

The Star (No. 463), worn by the G.C.B., is formed of rays of
silver or jewels, thereon a golden Maltese cross, charged with the
same device as the Badge (No. 461). The K.C.B. Star omits the
Maltese cross, and is itself in its form a cross pattee (No. 464).

The Badge is a gold cross of eight points, enamelled ar. ; in
each of the four angles a lion of England ; in the centre, within a
circle, gu., charged with the Motto, the rose, thistle, and sham-
rock, issuing from a sceptre, and alternating with three imperial
crowns; the circle is encompassed with two branches of laurel,
which issue from an azure scroll in base, bearing in golden letters
the words “ ich dien ” (No. 462).

No. 464. -Star of the Knights K C. B.

25 — 2

388

HERALDRY.

This Badge is worn by the G.C.B;, pendent from a broad red
Ribbon across the left shoulder, and by the K.C.B. from a
narrower red ribbon from the neck, and by a still narrower
ribbon from the button-hole. The cross (No. 462) is worn by
the C.B. as their badge.

The Diplomatic and Civil insignia are :

The Badge, of gold, an oval, having the external fillet charged
with the Motto, and encircling the central device of the Order.
It is worn by the three classes with the same distinctions as the
Military badge; but the C.B. Civil badge is smaller than the
badges of the two higher classes (No. 461).

The Star of the C.C.B., of silver, has eight rays, and in its
centre is the red circle with the Motto, enclosing three Imperial
crowns upon a glory’ of silver rays. The Star of the K.C.B. is the
same in form and size with that of the Military K.C.B., only
omitting the laurel-wreath round the circle with the motto, and
the small scroll with the legend “ ich dieN.”

The Motto of the Order is “ tria juncta in uno,” and refers as
well to the Union of the three realms of the United Kingdom as
to the branches of the national service, namely, Naval, Military,
and Diplomatic or Civil.

The Cojfipanio7is of the Order (C.B.) do not wear any other
insignia than their badge with its ribbon.

The Deafi of the Order is the Dean of Westminster.

The Stalls of the early G.C.B. are in Henry VII.’s Chapel,
Westminster, with the stall-plates and the banners of the Knights,

KNIGHTHOOD.

389

and the stall-plates of the Esquires; but since 1815 there has not
been an installation of the Knights, who have become too numer-
ous a body to be accommodated in the stalls of Westminster.

The Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St.
George. — This Order was founded in the year 1818, for be-
stowing honourable distinctions upon the natives of Malta and
the Ionian Islands, to whom it is restricted.

The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India. — This
Order was instituted by Her Majesty the Queen, in the year
1861, for bestowing honour upon the people of her Indian
Empire. The Order consists of the Sovereig?t, a Gi'mid Master,
always to be Governor-General of India, and twenty-five Knights,
with such Ho7%orary Knights as the Crown may appoint. The
Knights are to include both Naval, Military, and Civil officers,
and natives of India.

The insigfiia are :

The Collar (No. 466) is composed of roses, lotus-flowers, and
palm.-branches. In the centre is the Imperial crown from which
depends the Badge, consisting of a brilliant mullet, or star of five
points, to which is suspended an oval medallion containing an
onyx cameo profile bust of the Queen, encircled by the Motto in
gold letters on light blue enamel.

The Invest7ne?d Badge, worn pendent from a Ribbon of pale
blue with white borders, is the same in design as the collar badge,
but the star, the setting of the cameo, a*nd the motto are all of
diamonds.

390

HERALDRY.

Nos. 465, 466, 467. — Insignia of the Order of the Star of India.

The Star^ of diamonds, is also a mullet, on an irradiated field
of gold. It is surrounded by an azure fillet, bordered with gold,

KNIGHTHOOD.

391

and charged with the Motto in diamonds ; the whole is encircled
with wavy rays of gold (No. 465).

DECORATIONS OF HONOUR.

The Victoria Cross, instituted by Her Majesty the Queen in
1856, is the decoration of eminejit persoJial valour in actual conflict
with the enemy. It is a Maltese cross of iironze, charged with
the imperial crown and crest, and has the words ‘‘for valour”
upon a scroll. The Cross is worn on the left breast attached to
a blue ribbon for the Navy, and to a red ribbon for the Army.

A Bar is attached for every act of gallantry that would have won
the Cross.

The Albert Medal, instituted by the Queen in 1866, is the
decoration for courage in saving life at sea. It is of oval shape,
containing an anchor interlaced with the monogram V.A., and
surrounded with the words “ for gallantry in saving life at
SEA.” The Medal is of silver and also of bronze.

Medals and clasps, with ribbons to which they should be -
attached, have been conferred for signal services, both naval and
military. The colour of the ribbon is different for each Medal.
Clasps and small Bars are attached to the ribbons, each bearing the
name of some particular action in the campaign for which the
Medal was struck.

No. 468. — Seal of Be.a,trice of Portugal, Countess of Arundel and Surrey.
Temp. Henry V.

CHAPTER XXXIH

SEALS AND COINS.

Arms at a very early period were engraved on Seals, and
were employed to certify charters and writings.

Seals were introduced into England in the reign of Edward the
Confessor, from whose time the Royal Seals of England form an
uninterrupted series of surpassing interest, and value. The custom
of using Seals came into England from Normandy, and it was not
confined to Royalty, for the foundation deeds of many of our

SEALS AND COINS.

393

ancient abbeys have the Seals of arms of those who made the
grants ; but it is most probable that the privilege of using arms on
Seals, and even of Seals, was confined to nobles, knights, and
ecclesiastics.

Heraldic devices, with every conceivable variety both of acces-
sory and legend, were introduced into these early seals.

Within a few years after the Norman Conquest, the use of Seals
became generally established ; and early in the twelfth century
they were generally adopted for authenticating documents.

In 1215, Magna Charta was sealed by King John; nor is a
Royal signature known to have confirmed a document until the
time of Richard II., at the close of the fourteenth century.

In the year 1307 Edward I. ordered that all religious houses
should have a Common Seal, and that a deed without a Seal
attached should be null and void.

The larger Seals (and many of the early Seals are of very con-
siderable size) were engraven on suitable pieces of gold, silver,
latten or brass, or steel. Jet is found to have been sometimes
employed, with other materials. In form, the Seals are either cir-
cular or pointed ovals. The Royal shields are circular. The im-
pressions were taken in wax of various colours. Like coins, the
more important Seals were very commonly impressed on both sides.
Such impressions were appended to documents, and not stamped
on them.

In the fifteenth century it became customary to cover the wax
for the sake of preserving it with a wrapper of paper; or various

394

HERALDRY.

ingenious devices were employed for securing the wax from injury,
by encircling the impression with “ fenders ” formed of rushes,
leaves, or plaited paper. Persons of Royal or noble rank had a
personal or private seal, designated a Secretum.

No. 469. No. 470.

Shields from Early Seals of thf. De Nevilles.

Some of the early Seals are designed and engraved in the most
artistic and perfect manner, and even those of ruder workmanship
possess great merit. The Great Seals have each of them two dis-
tinct designs. In one, the Sovereign is represented on horseback,
and in tlie other, as enthroned. The mounted figures appear always
to have been regarded as the obverse^ or Seal, and those enthroned
as the reverse, or Counter-Seal. These Seals form a most interest-
ing group, and are really worth a careful examination ; beautiful
impressions are exhibited at the British Museum, and are quite
accessible. The Great Seals of Edward III. are exquisite in
design, and the elaborate architectural enrichments are beautifully

SEALS AND COINS.

395

executed. Edward commenced by placing two fleurs-de-lis (his
mother, it will be remembered, was of France) above the

castles (of Castile) in the Seal of his father; then he substituted
for the old Seal (in the year of his accession, a.d. 1327) a new one,

of improved general design, with the fleur-de-lis much more em-
phatic. In T340, a Seal appeared charged with two shields of
France ancient and England quarterly. After this, two Great Seals
of Edward III. were in use, sometimes concurrently — one by the
King himself, in which the legend runs “ rex francie et anglie;”
and the other, used in England when the king was absent in France,
with the legend “ rex anglie et francie.” Another seal, made
in accordance with the Peace of Bretigny, a.d. 1360, omits the
‘‘francie” altogether from the legend, but retains the quartered
fleurs-de-lis in the shield as before. The “ francie,” however,
resumes its original place before the close of the reign.

396

HERALDRY.

The Great Seals of the preceding and succeeding reigns afford
characteristic illustrations of costume, arms, armour, and horse
equipments.

The Great Seals of several personages of importance in the
mediaeval history of England, abound in heraldic accessories and
devices. The practice prevalent with the early seal-engravers of
introducing figures of animals on each side of either shield or crest,
was in all probability instrumental in introducing regular supporters
ai accessories of achievements of arms.

No. 473.— Seal of the Dauphin Louis.

No. 474.— Seal of Thurstan.

It will only be possible to adduce a few examples in illustration
of the Heraldry of Seals. Nos. 469 and 470 are two early Seals
of the Nevilles of the time of Henry III. and Edward I. An-
other seal of the same early period is charged with a similar
shield of St. John (No. 471) ; and in the corresponding seal (No.
472) of a St. John of Sussex, the shield has its own chief with
its six-pointed mullets charged upon a field of Warrenne — a re-
markable instance of heraldic combination. The heraldic Seal

SEALS AND COINS.

397

of Thurstan — Dispensatoris regisP (No. 474), is another early
example. With this may be included the Seal of the Dauphin
Louis, a.d. 1216, which bears a shield seniee de Us (No. 473).

With this early group may be associated the seal of M auger le
Vavassour (No. 475). This last shield bears the letter M — the

No. 475. —Seal of Mauger le Vavassour.

initial of the owner’s name; or possibly, the device which afterwards
was modified into the well-known fesse dancette of the Vavassours
was originally designed to be a monogram of the two initials MV.

About the middle of the fourteenth century, the skill of the seal-
engravers was employed in decorating the Seals with elaborate
traceries of Gothic architectural design.

The Seal of Joan, Countess of Surrey (No. 273, page 212) is

398

HERALDRY.

an example of this decoration. The beautiful Seal of John, Lord
Bardolf, is remarkable for its exquisite design and the engraving
of the geometrical tracery. This Seal (No. 477) bears the arms in
a central shield, as does that of Elizabeth, Lady Bardolf (No.
276, page 214).

The Secretum of Henry, second son of the first Earl of Lan-
caster, who afterwards succeeded his father and his elder brother

No. 476.— Secretum of Henry Plantagenet, No. 477. — Seal of John,

Second Son of the first Earl of Lancaster. Lord Bardolfh.

in that Earldom, is also a good specimen of seal engraving. It
bears the shield of the Earl : Englmid differenced with an azure
bendlet, as he displayed the same composition upon his banner at
Caerlaverock (No. 476).

The Seal of Queen’s College, Oxford — one of the most beautiful
heraldic Seals in existence — is charged with three shields : to the
dexter a shield of Fra7ice ancient and E?igland; to the sinister a
shield of Queen Philippa, of Hainault, bearing E?igiand quarter-

SEALS AND COINS.

399

Nos. 478, 479. — Seals of William and Humphrey de Bohun.

zng Hainmdt, as in No. 298, page 232; and in base the arms of
the College, or, three eagles disp. gu.

No. 480.— Seal of Thomas Plantagenet, K.G., Duke of Gloucester.

The beautiful Seal of Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Glou-
cester, youngest son of Edward III. (No. 480), has a shield

400

HERALDRY.

which bears Fra7ice ancient a/td England quarterly, witlim a bor-
dure arg. between two scrolled feathers. The Seal of Thomas Hol-
land, K.G. (No. 481), represents the shield of arms of the Earl:
E7igla7id witlim a bordure arg. The design of this Seal is singularly
good.

Nos. 478 and 479 represent two Seals of the De Bohuns, Earls

No. 481. — Seal of Thomas Holland, K G a.d. 1380.

OF Hereford and Northampton. The mullets of Northampton
here have six points, and the Earl of Hereford shows his close
alliance with the Crown of England in introducing tlmee lioiis pas-
sa7it guar da7it into the composition of his Seal.

The Seal of Richard, Earl of Arundel, bears his achieve-
ment of arms (No. 482). The supporters, crest, helm, &c., are as
conspicuously drawn as the shield. The crest is large in proportion

SEALS AND COINS.

401

to the shield ; it was usually thus represented in the compositions
of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

Some few of the most effective heraldic Seals display the armorial
insignia charged upon banners instead of shields. Thus the Seal of

Sir Henry Percy, eldest son of Henry, Earl of Northumber-
land, A.D. 1445, bears a lion holding a quarte7'ed banner of Percy
and Lucy, differenced with a label of three points.

Seals of the middle ages also bore mounted effigies, representing

26

402

HERALDRY.

both horse and charger, in coats bearing heraldic devices. Repre-
sentations of shipping of the olden time are not at all uncommon
in mediaeval Seals.

The remarkable Seal of Edmund de Arundel (No. 398), and
the Seal of Mortimer (No. 483), placed at the end of this chapter,
complete the number of examples of this most interesting portion
of Heraldry.

COINS.

The Heraldry of the Coinage displays the Royal Heraldry
of England. The shield of arms of the reigning Sovereign, with
certain significant devices as accessories on the one side, and the
head of the Sovereign on the other, is perhaps the most expressive
historical record that could be devised. Some of our early coins
do not bear shields of arms. The Noble, Edward HI., the Eose
Noble or Rial, Edward IV., the Angel, Henry VI., the Sovereign,
Henry VII., the George Noble, Henry VII., all in gold, and the
Crown in both gold and silver, Henry VIIL, are amongst these,
but even these bear heraldic devices in some form or another.

The Noble oi Edward HI. is charged with a figure of the King,
crowned, in armour, and with his sword, his shield bearing Fi'ance
ancient and England quarterly, standing in a ship which carries at
its masthead a pennon of St. George. This type is found to
have been slightly modified under the succeeding Princes.

Until the present century, the Coins in their heraldic and artistic

SEALS AND COINS.

403

character possessed great merit, and it is a matter of surprise that
the artistic excellence cannot be restored, and that such an im-
portant opportunity is lost of cultivating and educating the taste
of the people.

No. 483.— Remains of Seal of Edmund Mortimer a.d. 1372.

INDEX

Abacot, 103
Abaisse, 103
Abased, 103

Abatement, 103 ; of Illegitimacy, 257
Abbot, T03

Abbotsbury Abbey, arms of, 105

Abbot’s staff, 103

Abbreviations, 13

Abercorn, the Marquess of, 229

Abergavenny, the Earl of, 335

Abergavenny, slab at, 252

Abeyance, 104

Abingdon, the Earl of, 259

A bouche, 104

Aboute, 104, 128

Accession, 104

Accessories of Shields, 104

Accolade, 104

Accolee, 104, 210

Accosted, 104

Accrued, 104

Achievement of Arms, 9, 104, 231, 308

Acorn, 105

Addorsed, 82, 105

Admiral, 105

Admiralty Flag, 359

Adoption, arms of,’ 109

Adorned, 105 ,

Advancers, 105
Affrontee, 87, loi, 105
Agnus Dei, 105
Aguilated, 105
Aiguisee, 105
Aisle, 103

Ajoure, 105
Alant, 105
Alb, 105

Albany herald, 105

Albert, H.R.H. the late Prince Consort ; his
arms, 284 ; coronet, 265
Albert Edtvard, H. R. H. the Prince of Wales,
K.G. ; arms, 285, 288 ; label, 289. Design
for marshalling his arms, 286 ; his coronet,
265 ; his badge, 308
Albert medal, 391
Alcantara, Order of, 105
Alderman, 106
Alembic, 106

Alexandra, H. R. H. the Princess of Wales, 287
Alfred, H.R.H. the Prince, 289
Alianore de Bohun. See Bohun.

Alianore of Castile and Leon, 53, 217
Alianore Holland, 71
Aliaize, 106

Alice, H.R.H. the Princess, 291
Alise, 106
Allerion, 106

Alliance, arms of, 109, 222, 225

Allumee, 106

Allusive arms, 352

Almoner, 106

Altar, 306

Ambulant, 106

Amethyst, 106

Amherst, Lord, 61

Amphisien cockatrice, 106

Ananas, 106

Anchor, 106

4o6

INDEX.

Ancient, io6

Ancred or anchored, io6

Andrew cross, 107

Andrew, St., Order cf, 107

Angel (the coin), 402

Angenne, 107

Angles, 107

Anime, 107

Anne of Bohemia, 71

Anne Boleyn, her badge, 307

Anne, Queen, her arms, 224, 283 ; badge, 308 ;

crown, 264
Annodated, 107

Annulet, 37, 107 ; in modern cadency, 255

Annulettee, 107

Annulets conjoined, 107

Annunciation, Order of, 107

Anson, arms of, 57

Antelope, 107

Antique crown, 107

Appaumee, loi, 108

Apostles, 108

Apple, 108

Archbishop, the, 108, 361
Archduke, 108
Arches, 108

Archiepiscopal staff. See Crozier
Architectural Heraldry, 368
Argent, 12, 108
Argyll, the Duke of, 50
Arm, 108

Armagh, Archbishop of, 384
Armed, 87, 108
Armes parlantes,” 109
Arming buckles, 109
Arming doublet, 109
Armori, Roger d’, 213
Armourer, 109
Armoury, 98, 109

Arms, heraldic, origin of, 350; Allusive, 352 ;
Alliance, 222; Archbishop’s, 224; Corporate,
229; of Dominion, 229; Husband and wife,
222 ; Peeress in her own right, 230; Widow-
ers and widows, 223

Arms, dimidiating, 221 ; impaling, 223 ; in-
heritance of, 225 ; marshalling, 210, 225 ;
permanent combination of, 225 ; temporary
combination of, 223 ; quartering, 217

Armstrong, arms of, 58
Arrache, 109

Arragon, Catherine of, her badges, 307

Arraswise, 109

Arrayed, 109

Arrayer, 109

Arriere, 109

Arrondie, 109

Arrow, 109, 119

Arthur, H.R.H. the Prince, 289

Arundel, the Fitz-Alans, coronets, 268

Arundel, Edmund d’, 300

Arundel, John, Earl of, his seal, 3r7

Arundel, Ralph d’, 256

Arundel, Richard, Earl of, his seal, 400

Ascania, Bernard, Count of, 285

Ascendant, 109

Ash Keys, no

Ashmolean MSS., 346

Aspect, no

Aspersed, no

Ass, no

Assis, no

Assurgent, no

Assumptive arms, no

Ashton, Rebus of, 311

Astley, Baron Hastings, 295

At bay, no

At gaze, 87, no

At speed, 87

Attire, no

Attires, 87, no

Audele, Sir Hugh, 239

Audele, Sir James, 239

Augmentation of Honour, no, 229, 292

Aulned, no

Aumberdene, Nicholas, 138
Aunay, Sir William d', 301
Aure, no
Auiiflamme, no
Austria, the crown of, 276
Avellane, cross, 44, no
Aversant, no
Aviz, Order of, no
Aylets, no
Ayrant, no
Azure, 12, in

INDEX,

407

Bachelor, iii
Bacinet. See Basinet

Badges, in, 303; Royal of England, 305;

White Hart badge, 304
Badge, or jewel, of Knights of the Order of
the Garter, 377, 378 ; of the Order of the
Thistle, 381 ; of the Order of St. Patrick,
384 ; of the Order of the Bath, 387 ; of the
Star of India, 389
Bag of madder, in
Bagpipes, in
Bagwyn, in
Baillone, in
Baldrick, in
Bale corded, in
Bale-fire. See Beacon
Balista, in
Ball, in
Bande, in
Banded, in
Banderole, in
Bandrick, in
Bangor, Viscount, 42
Bangor, arms of the See, 362
Banner, in, 148, 356
Banneret, knight, 112, 356
Baphomet, 112
Bar, 20, 24, 112
Barbarossa, the Emperor, 285
Barbed, 109, 112
Barbel, 96, 112
Barclay, arms of, 41
Barded, 66, 112
Bardings, 66

Bardolph, Eliz., Lady, her seal, 213, 398

Bardolph, John, Lord, his seal, 213, 398

Bardolph, Thomas and William, 251

Baret, John, his monogram and collar, 174

Barkele, Maurice de, 251

Barker, rebus of, 312

Barnacle, 112

Barnacles, 113, 119

Baron, 113

Baron’s coronet, 269

Baron and femme, 113, 222

Baronets, 113, 313

Barr, De, arms of, 211

Barr, De, Henry, 212

Bar-shot, 113
Bars gemelles, 25, 112
Barrow, arms of, 61
Rarrulee, Barruly, 47, 113
Barrulet, 24, 112, 113
Barry, 47

Barry bendy, 49, 113
Barry pily, 50, 113
Bar-wise, 114
Base, 114

Basinet, bacinet, 71, 114, 299, 327
Bassett brothers, 251
Bastard-bar, 114
Bat, 114

Bateman, Lord, 57

Bath herald, 342

Bath, the Marquess of, 48

Bath, Order of the, 384; motto, 323

Bath and Wells, arms of the See, 362

Baton, 24, 114

Baton sinister, 257

Battering-ram, 114

Battle-axe, 114

Battled, 114, 141

Battled, embattled, 114

Batune, 114

Baynes, arms of, 42

Bayeux tapestry, 139, 355

Beacon, 115

Beaked, 94, 108

Beam, 115

Beams, 115

Bear, 88, 115

Bear and ragged staff, badge, 310
Beard, 115
Bearded, 115
Bearers, 115

Bearing, bearings, 98, 115
Beatrice, H.R.H. the Princess, 291
Beatrice of Portugal, her seal, 392
Beauchamps, their differences, 250 ; their
monuments, 250

Beauchamp, Sir John, K.G., 250
Beauforts, their cadency, 245
Beaufort, John, K.G., 256
Beaufort, Margaret de, 244
Beautified, 115
Beaver, 89, 115

4o8

INDEX.

Beckett, Thomas a, 352
Beckford, crest of, 160
Bees, 1 15
Beddeth, 115
Bedesmen, 303
Bell, 125

Bellamont, De, 250
Belled, 92, 115
Bellew, Lord, 50
Bellows, 115
Belt, 1 16

Bend, 20, 116 ; for differencing, 244
Bendlet, 23, 116 ; for differencing, 247, 257
Bend sinister, 20, 23, 116
Bend-wise, 116
Bendy, 47, 116 ^

Bendy bordure, 51
Bendy pily, 50
Bentick, arms of, 226
Bere, Richard de la, 293
Bergavenny. See Abergavenny
Berkeleys, their arms, 251 ; augmentation,
294

Berkeley, Lord, 173

Berners, John, Lord, K.G., 258

Betw., 116

Bezant, 34, 116

Bezantee, 116

Bezantlier, 116

Bicapited, bicapitated, 116

Bicorporated, xi6

Bill, billhead, 1 16

Billet, 32, n6

Billettee, billety, 116, 258

Biparted, 116

Bird-bolt, 1 16

Bishops, 116 : their Sees and arms, 361
Bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester,
362

Bitt, bit, 117
Black, H7

Black Eagle, Order of, 117
Black Prince, Edward Plantagenet, K.G., his
shields of “War” and of “Peace,” 309;
crest, 259 ; label, 259 ; basinet, helm, and
coronet, 267, 327 ; pommel of sword-liilt,
183 ; effigy, 67 ■, first Duke, 140
Blackbirds, 93

Bladed, 117
Blanche-Lyon, 117
Blantyre, Lord, 57
Blazing star, 117
Blazon, blazoning, 98, 117
Bloomfield, Lord, 60
Blue, 117
Bluebottle, 117

Bluemantle, Pursuivant, 117, 343
Boar, 89, 117
Boar’s-head, 117, 304
Bohemia, Anne of. See Anne
Bohun, De, arms, 83; badge, 93, 309; seals,
399

Bohun, Alianore de, Duche.ss of Gloucester,
213

Bohun, Humphrey de, third Earl of Here-
ford, his seal and secretum, 66, 93
Bohun, Humphrey de, 215
Bohun, Margaret de, 242
Bohun, Mary de, 237
Bohun, John de, 215
Boleyn, Anne, the Queen, 307
Bolingbroke. See Henry Plantagenet
Bolt and Tun, 117
Boltant, 1 17
Bolton, rebus of, 31 1
Bonnet, 117
Book, 117
Book-plates, 370
Book with seven seals, 117
Border lines, 19

Bordure, 32, 117 ; for difference, 244 ; of
France, 245
Bottle, ii8

Bottonee, botony, 44, 118
Bottonee fitchee, 118
Bouget. See Water Bouget
Boughey, arms of, 37
Bourchier, Henry, K.G., 72, 257
Bourchier, John, K.G., 258
Bourchier knot, 118, 258, 314
Bourdon, 118
Bowed, 1 18
Bowen knot, 314
Braced, brazed, xi8
Bradford, the Earl of, 36
Branches, 118

INDEX.

409

Brands, 118
Brassarts, 118
Brasses, ti8

Braybrooke, I.ord, 77, 335
Braye, the Baroness, 86
Brcttessee, 119
Breys, 119
Bridges, 119
Bristled, 119

Bristol, arms of the See, 271, 362
Brisure, brizure, 119, 223
Broad arrow, 119
Broche, 119
Brogue, 119

Broke, Sir Thomas, his monument, 70, 71
Broken, 119

Brotherton, arms of, 215

Brougham and Vaux, Lord, 42

Brow-antler, 119

Brunswick, arms of, 283

Bryan, Elizabeth de, 242

Buccleuch, the Duke of, 257

Buchan, Earl of, 93

Bucket, 1 19

Buckle of Pelham, 294

Buckler, 119

Bugle-horn, 119

Bull, 88

Bullets, 119

Bulwer-Lytton, 322

Bundle of sticks, 120

Burgh, John de, 212

Burghersh monument, 239

Burgonet, 119

Burling-iron, 120

Butleigh Court, 315

Butler arms, 225

Butterflies, 120

Buttoned, 120

Buxton, crest of, 93

Buzzard, 90

Byron arms, 57

Cable, cabled, 120
Cabossed, 87, 120
Cabre, 120

Cadency, definition of, 120, 233 ; early usage,
233 ; modern usage, 254 ; Royal, 255, 289
Caduceus, 120
Cage, 294

Caius College arms, 96
Calais roll, 250
Calatrava, Order of, 121
Calder, crest of, 93
Caldwell arms, 352
Calf, 88

Calvary cross, 121
Caltrap, 120

Cambridge, arms of University, 363
Cambridge, George, K.G., Duke of, 291
Camden, William,|Clarencieux King-of-Arms,
346, 348

Camden, the Marquess, 89
Cameron crest, 302
Camel, 121

Camoys, Maud de, 243
Cantelupe, de, 253
Canterbury, arms of the See, 361
Canterbury Cathedral, monument of the
Black Prince in, 267, 327 ; cloisters, 368
Canting Heraldry, 109, 121, 312
Canton, 28 ; for differencing, 244
Cantoned, 121
Camel-leopard, 121
Cameleopardel, 121
Campanes, izi
Candlestick, 121
Cannets, 121
Cannon, 121
Cantonnee, 121

Cap, 121, 231 : of maintenance, 121, 273

Cap-a-pie, 121

Caparisoned, 122

Cape, crest, 86, 301

Capital, 122

Carberry, Lord, supporters, 77
Cardigan, the Earl of, 259, 331
Cardinals, 121 ; hat, 121, 273
Cardinal Pole, 93

Carlaverock, Caerlaverock, 234; 240, 242
Carlisle, arms of the See, 362
Carlisle, the Earl of, 259
Carmichael arms, 62
Carrick, Earl of, 28

410

INDEX.

Casque,. 122

Chess-rook, 124

Castile and Leon arms, 211, 213 ; quartered

Chester, the Earls of, 260; Edward III., as

shield of, 217

Earl of, 236; Albert Edward, Earl of, 152,

Castle, 122

286

Castlemaine, Lord, 93

Chester, arms of the See, 362

Cat-a-mountain, 89, 122

Chester Herald, 160, 342

Cat, 122

Cheval-trap. See Caltrap

Cater, Margerye, 346

Chevron, 26, 124; for differencing, 244: ex-

Cater, John, 346

amples of, 58

Catherine of Arragon, the Queen, badges.

Chevron, reversed, 124

307, 333

Chevron, couped, 124

Catherine Parr, the Queen, badges, 308

Chevron, braced, 124

Catherine Plantagenet, 245

Chevronel, 26, 58, 124

Catherine-wheel, 122

Chevronny, 124

Catling, Catlyn, arms, 83, 130

Chevronways, chevron-wise, 124

C. B., 122

Chichester, arms of the .See, 362

Cecil, 259

Chief, 20, 54, 124; for differencing, 244

Celestial crown, 122

Chivalry, 125

Centaur, 122

Cholmondeley, the Marquess, 330

Cercelee, 122

Christchurch Cathedral, Oxford, 245

Cerise. See Seruse

Christ, Order of, 125

Chafant, 123

Church, 125

Chained, 123

Church bells, 125 ; mottoes on, 324

Chain-shot, 123

Churchill, John, K.G., Duke of Marlborough,

Chalice, 123

295

Chamber-piece, 123

Cinquefoil, 125

Chamberlain, Lord, 123

Cinque Ports, arms, 220

Chamberlain, Lord Great, 123

Citadel, 125

Champagne arms, 62, 218

City of Rochester, arms, 55

Chape, 123

Civic crown, 125

Chapeau of estate, 121, 296

Clam, 125

Chaperonne, chaperon, 123

Clare, De, arms, 58, 213; dimidiating Fitz-

Chaplet, 123

gerald, 221

Charge, charges, 75, 123

Clare, Elizabeth de, 212

Charged, 98, 123

Claremonte, Nesle, 221

Charlemagne, 283 ; crown, 123

Clarencieux King-of-Arms, 125, 342

Charles L, arms, 282 ; crown, 264 ; badges.

Clarendon, Sir Roger de, 256

308 ; special grant, 92

Claricord, clavicord, 126

Charles II., arms, 282 ; crown, 264; badges.

Clarine, 126

308 ; arms of his natural sons, 257

Clarion, 125

Charles V. of France, 280

Clasps, 126, 296, 391

Charlton, of Powys, 70

Cleche, 126

Chasuble, 123

Clenched, 126

Chaussee, 123

Clerk, 372

Cheeky, chequee, 49, 123

Cleveland, the Duke of, 257

“ Chequers,” the sign of, 49

Clifford arms, 250

Chelmsford, Lord, 93

Clock, 126

Cherub, 124

Close, 92, 94, 126, 133

INDEX.

411

Close-girt, 126
Closet, 24, 126
Closetty, 47
Closing-tongs, 126
Clouee, 126
Cloves, 126
Club, 126
Club-spiked, 126
Clymant, 126
C.M G., 126
Coach, 126

Coats of arms, 63, 126

Cobham, brasses at, 297; helmets from, 331

Cobham, Sir John de, 250

Cobham, Rauf de, 251

Cobham, Sir Reginald de, 251

Cobweb and spider, 126

Cock, 93, 127

Cockade, 127

Cockatrice, 127

Cocke, 124

Cocquel, 127

Coffin of Queen Elizabeth, 303
Cognizance, 127
Coif of mail, 127
Coins, 402

Colebrooke arms, 93

Collar, 127, 311 ; of mermaids, 173; of the
Order of the Garter, 37 ; Lancastrian, of
S.S., 71; Yorkist, of suns and roses, 71;
of the Order of the Thistle, 380 ; of the
Order of St. Patrick, 384 ; of the Order of
the Bath, 386 ; of the Order of the Star of
India, 389
Collared, 127

College of Arms, 127, 365 : arms, 342, 353

Colours, 13, 127

Column, 127

Colwall, brass at, 244

Columbine, 128

Colyer arms, 62

Combatant, 81, 128

Combed, 127

Combel, 128

Combinations, heraldic, 53
Comet, 128

Community, arms of, 96, 229
Companions of the Order of the Bath, 388

Compartment, 128
Compasses, 128
Complement, 128

Componee, compony, gobony, 51, 128
Compostella, Order of, 128
Compton, 331
Concession, arms of, 109
Coney, 128

Confessor, Edward the, arms, 215, 278 ;
origin of his martlets, 252 ; grant to Tho-
mas Holland, 279 ; assumed by Henry
Bolingbroke, 237
Confronte, 128
Conger eel’s head, 128
Conjoined, 94, 128
Conjoined in lure, 128
Constable, 128
Contoise, 71, 128
Contournee, 128

Conventionalisms in heraldic drawing, 84, 85

Coote, 128

Cope, 74, 128

Copper, 129

Corbett, rebus of, 187

Corbie, 129

Corded, 129

Cormorant, 92, 93, 129

Cornet, 129, 349

Cornish chough, 93, 129

Cornucopia, 129

Cornwall, Richard, Earl of, and Emperor, 90
Cornwall, Albert Edward, Duke of, 286
Coronets, 129, 231, 261, 270; of Princes and
Princesses, 266; of the late Prince Con-
sort, 265 ; of the Prince and Princess of
Wales, 265

Corporate bodies, arms, 109, 361

Cost, couste, 23, 129

Cotice, cotise, cotised, 23, 129

Cotoye, 129

Cotton hanks, 129

Couchant, 82, 85, 101, 129

Couchee, 129

Coudiere, 102, 130

Coulter, 130

Counter-changing, counter-changed, 51, 130,
248

Counter-componde, 51, 130

412

INDEX.

Counter-embowed, 130
Counter-ermined, 130
Counter-fleurie, 130
Counter-passant, 82, 128, 131
Counter-potent, 131
Counter rampant, 81
Counter-salient, 131
Counter-tripping, 131
Counter-vair, 14, 131
Countess, 131
Couped, 23, 86, 131
Couped close, 131
Couple-close, 26, 96
Courant, 89, 131
Couronne, 131

Courtenay, original arms, 36; label, 241
Courtenay, William, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, 243

Courtenay, Edward de, 243
Courtenay, Hugh de, 242
Courtenay, Sir Philip, 243
Courtenay, Robert de, 242
Courtesy, titles of, 131
Couste. See Cotise.

Covered cup, 132
Coward, cowed, 82, 132
Cowasjee Jehangier, arms, &c., 366
Cowl, 132

Cowper, Earl, arms, 231
Crab, 132

Crampette, crampettee, 132
Crampit, 123
Cramps, 132
Crancelin, 132, 285
Cranford, the Earl of, 86
Cranley, Archbishop, 274
Crenelles, crenellee, 132
Crescent, 132, 253, 255
Cresset, 132

Crests, 133, 231, 297 ; granted to a lady, 346

Crest-wreath, 133

Crested, 94, 133, 272, 297

Crevecoeur, De, 40

Crined, 133

Crocodile, 133

Cross, 20, 25

Cross flamant, 38 ; raguly, engrailed, six fil-
lets, triparted and fretted, double-parted.

voided, fimbriated, pierced or quarterly
pierced, St. George’s, cross quarterly, 40 ;
patriarchal, nowed, degraded and con-
joined, quadrate, patee, 41 ; patee fitchee,
Maltese or cross of eight points, patonce,
fleurie, pomme, 42 ; potent, urdee, recer-
celee, fleurettee or fiory, cross crosslet,
entire, 43 ; botonee, avellane, lambeaux,

44 ; fourchee, milrine, rayonnant, pall, Tau,

45

Crossbow, 133

Crosslet, 133 ; for differencing, 251
Crossways, 133
Crouchback. See Edmond
Crown, the Imperial, 263 ; historical examples
of, 261 ; arched, 263 ; of H.M. the Queen,

264 ; of heraldic kings, 277
Crown, heraldic, 268, 270

Crown, Eastern, 272 ; naval, 272 ; vallary, 133,
272

Crown (coin) of gold and silver, 402
Crowns, foreign, of Austria, 276 ; of Prussia,

265

Crown of thorns, 133
Crown of rue, 133
Crusader Kings of Jerusalem, 42
Crusilee, crusilly, 44, 133
Cubit arm, 134
Cuffed, 134
Cuirass, 134
•Cullen, Lord, 295
Cup, covered cup, 132
Currier’s shave, 134
Cursetjee Furdoonjee Paruk, 367
Cushion, 134
Cutlas, 134
Cutting iron, 134
Cyclas, 64
Cygnet, 92

Cygnet Royal, 93, 134

Dacre badge, 134, 314
Dagger, 134
Dais, dois, 134
Daisy, 134, 35
Dalmatic, 134

INDEX.

413

Dame, 134

Dancette, danse, 134

Dancette, 19, 135

Danebrog, Order of, 135

Danish axe, 135

Dartmouth, Earl of, 334

Dasie, arms, 352

Danberry, John, 331

D’Aubernoun, Sir John, the younger, 64

D’Aubigne, Sir John, 72, 257

Dauphin, 135, 396

Dauphin’s crown, 135

Dean, 135

Death’s head, 135

Debruised, 135

Decapitated, 135

Dechausse, 135

Decked, 135

Decollated, 135

Decouple, 135

Decours, 135

Decrescent, 135

Defamed, diffame, 135

Defences, 136

Defender of the Faith, 136

Defendu, 136

Degreed, 43, 136

Degrees, 136

Disgraced, 135

Delf, 136

Demembered, dismembered, 83, 156
Demi, 136

Demi-lion rampant, 86, 248
Demi-monk, 136
Demi-Saracen, 86
Denmark proper, arms, 289
Denmark, as borne by the Princess of Wales,
287

Denmark, Alexandra of, 287

Derby, Stanley, Earls of, 301
Dering, 312

Despencer, De Spencer, 150

Despencer, Alianore, 242

Despencer, Henry le. Bishop of Norwich, 246

Detriment, 136

Developed, 136

Devon, the Earls of, 242, 243

Devices, 136

Devouring, 136
Dexter, 136

Diadem, diademed, 136, 261
Diagonal cross. See Saltire
Diamond, 136
Diaper, diapering, 52, 136
Diapered, 136
Dice, 137

Difference, differencing, 137, 233 ; by change
of tinctures, 235 ; various methods, 244 ;
early differencing charges, 118, 233; acces-
sories differenced, 257 ; badges differenced,

257

Dilated, 137

Dlmidiation, dimidiated, 137, 220

Diminution of arms, 137

Diminutives, 137

Disarmed, 137

Disclosed, 92, loi, 137

Dismembered, demembered, 137

Displayed, 92, 101, 137

Disponed, disposed, 137

Disvelloped, 137

Ditzmers arms, 289

Dividing or divisional lines, 19, 137

Dobell arms, 352

Dogs, 88, 138

Dog-collar, 138

Dois, 134

Dolphin, 95, 96, 138
Dolphin arms, 95
Dolphingley, 95
Domed, 138

Dominion, arms of, 109, 138, 229

Donjonne, 140

Dormant, 139

Dosser, 139

Double fitchee, 139

Double quatrefoil, 255

Double queue, 139, 186

Double tete, 89, 139

Doubling, 139

Douglas, badge, 159, 310

Douglas, James, K.G., crest, 190

Doure, Foubert de, 52, 54

Downe, Viscount, crest, 86, 301

Dove, 93, 139, 352

Dovetail, dov'etailed, 19, 139

414

INDEX.

Dragon, X39 : supporter of the Tudor Sove-
reigns, 318
Dragon’s head, 139
Dragon’s tail, 139
Drawing iron, 139
Dryden, Sir Henry, 154
Dublin, Archbishop of, 384
Dublin, Robert de Vere, Marquess of, 268
Dublin, Albert Edward, Earl of, 286
Ducal coronet, 139, 270
Ducally gorged, 139
Duchess, 140
Duciper, 121, 140
Ducks, 140

Dugdale, William, 344
Duke, 140 ; coronet, 267
Dung-fork, 140
Dunghill cock, 127
Dunjeoned, 140

Durham, Bishop and See of, 276, 362
Durrant arms, 43
Dynham, Lord, crest, 273

Eagle, erne, heraldic, 88^ 9°>

Eagle, early examples of, 90, 91, 137
Eaglet, 92, 140
Eared, 140

Earl, 140 : coronet, 268
Earl Marshal of England, 140
Eastern crown, 107, 141, 272
Eclipsed, 141

Edmond Crouchback, 53, 83
Edmond Plantagenet, K.G., 91
Edward the Confessor. See Confessor
Edward I., arms, 229 ; as Prince Royal, 236
Edward II., arms, 279 ; as Prince Royal, 236
Edward HI., arms, 279, 450; crests, 299;
badges, 305 ; great seals, 394 ; imputed
supporters, 317; his descendants, 334; as
Prince Royal, 236

Edward IV., arms, 281; badges, 306; sup-
porters, 318

Edward V., arms, 281; supporters, 318; as
Prince of Wales, 307

Edward VI., arms, 281; supporters, 318;
crown, 264 ; badge, 308

Eel, 96, 141
Eel-basket, 141
Eel-spear, 141

Effingham, Howard, Earl of, 259

Eight-foil, 141

Eldon, Earl of, 259

Eleanor. See Alianore

Electoral crown, 141 ; bonnet, 284

Elephant, 88, 141

Elephant’s head, 89

Elevated, 141

Elibank, Lord, 259

Elizabeth, arms, 281 ; supporters, 318 ; badges
and motto, 323 ; crown, 264 ; monument,
369 ; coffin, 303

Elizabeth Plantagenet of York, 333

Ellis arms, 223

Eltham, John of. See John

Ely, Bishop and See of, 271, 362

Embattled, battled, 19, 141

Emblems, sacred, 369

Embordered, 141

Embowed, 95, 101, 141

Embrued, 141

Emerald, 141

Emmets, ants, 141

Emperor, the, 91, 141

Enaluron, 141

En arriere, 14 1

Endorse, 22, 142 ; endorsed, 23, 94, 105, 142

Enfield, brass at, 70

Enfiled, 142

England, arms, 75

Englante, 142

Engoulee, 142

Engrailed, 19, 90, loi, 144

Engrossing block, 142

Enhanced, 57, 142

En manche, 142

Ensigns, 359

Ensigned, 142

Ente en rond, 142

Entoyre, 142

Entwined by, 142

Environnee, enveloped, 142

Epaulette, 142

Episcopal staff, 142

Eradicated, 142

INDEX.

415

Erased, 86, 109, 142
Erect, 101, 142
Ermine, 13, 142
Ermine, the, 89, 300
Ermine spots, 16
Ermines, 13, 142
Erminois, 13, 142
Ermynites. 15

Escallop, 96 ; for differencing, 252

Escarbuncle, 64, 122, 143

Escarpe, 192

E^cartele, 143

Esclatte, 143

Escroll, 143

Escutcheon, 30, 143 ; of pretence, 143, 225
Esquire, 143

Essex, Henry Bourchier, Earl of. See
Bourchier
Essomier, 144
Estoile, 144

Etchingham Church, 360
Evangelists, emblems of, 144, 369
Exeter, the See and Bishops of, 108, 362
Exeter Cathedral, 244, 31 1
Expanded wings, 144

Faggot, 144

Falchion, 144

Falcon, 90, 92, lor

Falcon and fetterlock, 92, 144

Falcon and sceptre, badge, 144

False cross, 144

False escutcheon, 144

False roundel, 144

Fan, winnowing fan, 144

Faroe Islands, arms, 290

Faversham Abbey, arms, 221

Feathers, 144, 299, 307

Feathered, 109, 144

Feathers, ostrich, 144

Feathers, panache, plume of, 145

Feld, John, his tabard, 69

Femme, 146

Fer-de-moline, 146

Ferdinand III., King of Castile and Leon,
286

Fermaile, fermaux, 146
Ferr, 146

Ferrers, Earls of Derby, 161

Ferrers, Lord, of Chartley, 145

Fesse, 24, 146

Fesse point, 146

Fesse-wise, fesse-ways, 99, 146

Fetterlock, badge, 146

Field, 98, 146

Figured, 146

File, 146, 165

Fillet, 22, 146

Filliol arms, 214

Fimbriation, 146, 356 ; fimbriated, 44

Finned, 96, 147

Fire-ball, ball-fired, 147

Fire-beacon, 147

Firebrand, 147

Fish, heraldic, 94, 96, 147

Fissure, 147

Fitchee, 43, 147

Fitz-Alan arms, 246

Fitz-Alan, John, effigy, 68

Fitz-Alan, Thomas, 268

Fitz-Alan, Thomas, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, 246
Fitzgerald, 221
Fitz-Geoffrey, 245
Fitzroy, Henry, 257
Fitz-Walter arms, 212
Five-leaved grass, 147
Flag, flags, 147, 355
Flags, military, 359
Flags, naval, 359
Flagon, 148
Flamant, 38
Flanches, 31, 148
Flanders arms, 219
Flasques, 33, 148
Flax-breakers, 148
Fleam, flegme, 148
Fleeted, 141, 150
Fleece, 148
Flesh-hook, 148
Flesh-pot, 148
Fleurie, 42

Fleur de 11s, 148 ; its origin, 148 ; semee de
lis, 100 ; for differencing, 252

4i6

INDEX.

Fleurettee, fleury, 43, 150

Flexed, 150

Flighted, 144, ij*o

Flodden Field, the battle of, 292

Flotant, 150

Fly, 147, ^50

Foliated, 150

Fordham, Bishop John de, 276

Forcene, 150

Forest bill, 150

Formee, 150

Fortescue motto, 322

Fountain, 35, 150

Fourchee, queue fourehee, 44, 150

Fox, 82, 150

Fracted, 89, 150

Fraises, 150

Frame-saw, 150

France, “ancient,” 149, 281; quartered by
Edward III., 280
France, “modern,” 288
Francis, Emperor of Austria, K.G., 276
Frankland-Russell arms, 95
Fraternities of honour, 150
Frazer arms, 166
Fresnee, 89, 150
Frette, 31, 150
Frettee, fretty, 50, 151
Froissart’s Chronicles, 351
Fructed, 105, 118, 151
Fumant, 151
Furnished, 151
Furnival, the Brothers, 248
Furs, 13, 14, 151
Fusil, 31 ; fusillee, 49, 151
Fylfot, 151

Gabraille, T52
Gad-fly, gad-bee, 151
Gads, gadlyngs, 152
Galley, 152

Galtrap, caltrap, 120, 152
Gamb, jamb, 86, 152
Game-cock, 94, 152
Garb, 152

Gardant, guardant, 152
Garde-bras, 152

Garland, 152
Garnished, 119, 152

Garter, Order of the, foundation, 152, 373;
insignia, 376; motto, 322; Garter-plates,
153 ; ladies associated with, 73
Garter King-of-Arms, 153, 342
Gauntlet, 153
Gaze, 153
G.C. B., 153
G.C.H., 153
G.C.M.G., 153
Ged, 153
Gemel, 153
Genealogies, 332
Genet, 153
Genet, Order of, 153

Geneville, de. Lords of Broyes, their cadency,
248

Gentleman, 153
George I., arm.s, 283
George II., arms, 283
George III., arms, 283
George IV., arms, 284

George Plantagenet, K.G., arms, 239 ; man-
tling, 72, 257

George, the, of the Order of the Garter, 154,
378

George noble (coin), 402

George, St., banner of, 154

Gerated, 154

Gerrattyng, 154

Ghent, John of. See John

Giffard, Margaret, seal, 73

Giffard, Sir John, arms, 73

Gillyflower, 154

Gimmel-ring, 154

Girl, 154

Gironne, 154

Girt, girded, 154

Gliding, 96, 154

Globe, the terrestrial, 134

Glorious Virgin, Order of, 154

Glory, 154

Gloucester Cathedral, effigy of Edward II. in,
262

Gloucester, Bishop and See of, 108, 362
Gloucester, Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of
See Thomas

INDEX.

417

Glove, 154
Goat, 89, 154
Gobony. See Compony
Gold, 15s

Golden fleece, 148 ; Order of, 155
Golpe, 35, 15s
Gonfannon, 155

Gonville and Cains College, Cambridge,
arms, 96

Goodryke, Thomas, Bishop of Ely, 274

Gordon arms, 89 ; badge, 117

Gorge, gurge, 155

Gorged, 86, 89, 155

Goshawk, 155

Goutlee. See Guttee

Gradient, 155

Grafted, 155

Grafton, the Duke of, 257
Grafton rebus, 313
Grandison arms, 247

Grandison, Bishop John de, 248 '

Grand quarters, 18
Grant arms, 273

- Grant, Sir Francis, Lord Cullen, 295
Grappling-iron, 155
Grasshopper, 155
Grater, 155
Great seals, 394

Great Yarmouth, shields of arms in the
church of, 238
Greenland arms, 289
Grenville, Neville, 95, 334
Gresham, Sir Thomas, 155
Grey, Richard de, 239
Greyhound, 88, 155, 304
Grice, 155
Gridiron, 155
Grieces, 155
Griffin, gryphon, 155
Grosvenor, Sir Robert, 245
Guard, 156
Guardant, 156
Gufalcon, 90
Guige, 156, 316
Gules, 12, 156
Guillim, 352
Gunstone, 156
Gurge, 156

Gussets, 156

Guttee, de lai mes, d’eau, d’olive, d’or, de poix,
du sang, 156
Guttee reversed, 157
Guze, 35, 157
Gyron, 29, 157
Gyronny, gyronnee, 50, 157

Habergeon, 157
Habick, 157
Habited, 157
Hackle, 157

Hainhault. See Philippa

Hake-fish, 157

Halbert, 157

Halk spear, 157

Hames, Heames, 158

Hamilton, 250

Hammer, 158

Hampson, Sir G., 160

Hands, human, 158

Hanover arms, 283

Hanover, Electoral bonnet of, 284

Harcourt, Sir Robert, K.G., mantling, 258

Hardinge crest, 302

Hare, 158

Harford, Anthony, 244

Harford, with canton of Scrope, 244

Harp, 158 ; badge of Ireland, 158, 282

Harpham, brasses at, 299

Harpoon, 158

Harpur Crewe arms, 294

Harpy, 158

Harnsett, Archbishop, 275
Harrington knot, 158, 314
Harris, 89

“ Harry crown,” 263
Hart, 87, 158

Hastings arms, 212 ; badges, 314
Hastings, Sir Hugh, his brass, 54
Hastings, Astley, 295
Hastings, John de, K.G., 210
Hastings, the Earl, his banner at Caerlave-
rock, 234
Hatchet, 158

Hatchment, 158 ; exemplification of heraldic
debasement, 254

27

4i8

INDEX.

Hatfield, Thomas de, 276
Hauberk, 159

Hauriant, haurlent, 95, 147
Hause, 159
Hawk, 92, 159
Hawk’s lure, 159
Hawk’s bells and jesses, 159
Hay-fork, 159
Hay arms, 143
Haynes arms, 36
Hazel-leaves, 159, 166
Hazelrigg, 159
Head, 159
Heames, 159
Heart, 159, 283, 293
Hedgehog, 89, 159
Heightened, 159
Heiress, husband of, 225
Helena, H.R.H. the Princess, 291
Helm, heaume, helmet, 159, 231, 296, 326 ;
modern, 329

Hemp-brake, hackle, 159

Hen and chickens, 160

Heneage knot, 160, 314

Henry I., arms, 179

Henry II., crown, 262 ; badges, 304

Henry III., arms, 279; crown, 262; badge,

305 ; the rolls of arms of his period, 79 ;
his great seals, 279

Henry IV., Henry Plantagenet of Boling-
broke, 237 ; crown, 262 : supporters, 317
Henry IV. before his accession, 281 ; badge,

306

Henry V., arms, 281 ; crown, 263 ; badges,
306 ; attributed supporters, 317
Henry VI., arms, 281 ; crown, 263 ; support-
ers, 317 ; badges, 306 ; motto, 323
Henry VII., arms, 281 ; supporters, 318 ;
badges, 307

Henry VIII., arms, 281 ; supporters, 318 ;
badges, 307 ; grants and augmentations,
292

Herald, heralds, their duties, 346
Heralds, Kings-of-Arms, their crowns, 277
Herald’s College, College of Arms, 343 ; arms
of, 353

“ Herald and Genealogist,” reference to, 221
Heraldic terms, 99

Heraldry of monuments, 369 ; official and
corporate, 361

Hereford, Bishops and See of, 362

Hereford, Earls of. See Bohun

Heriz, De, arms, 89

Heron arms, 93

Heron, 92; heron’s head, 160

Heroye, William, 346

Herrings, 96

Herring arms, 96

Her$e, 160

Hesse-Darmstadt, 186
Highness, 161
Hill, hillock, 161
Hiked, 161

Hilton, Sir William de, 214
Hind, 87, 161, 400
Hirondelle, 161
Hoist, 147, 161
Holland arms, 219
Holland, Matilda de, 242
Holland, Thomas, K.G., seals, 400; sup-
porter, 400

Hollands, De, their cadency, 245

Holstein arms, 290

Holy Lamb, 161

Holy Sepulchre, Order of, 161

Home motto, 322

Honourable ordinaries, 161

Honour point, 161, 255

Hooded, 161

Hoofed, 89, 161

Hope arms, 154

Hopetoun arms, 154

Horned, no, 161

Horse, 88, 161

Horseshoe, x6i

Horseman’s staff, 129, 349

Hospitallers, Knights, 374

Hound, 162

Howard arms, 140; differenced, 259 ; lion, 81,
300

Howard, Catharine, Queen Consort of Eng-
land, 148

Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, aug-
mentation of his arms, 292
Humettee, 162
Hungerford badge, 310, 314

INDEX.

419

Hunting-horn, 119, 162
Hunton, Prior, rebus, 311
Hurst, 162

Hursthelve, William de, 158
Hurte, 35, 162
Hurtee, 162

Husband and wife, arms of, 222
Hyde papers, 346
Hyde, William, 346
Hyde, George, 348
Hydra, 162

Ibex, heraldic antelope, 162
Iceland arms, 289
“ Ich Dien,” 266, 387
Icicle, 162

Illegitimacy, abatement of, 24, 257
Imbattled, 162
Imbrued, imbued, 162

Impalement, impaled, 162; examples of, 220

Imperial crown. Imperially crowned, 162

In bend, 162

In chevron, 162

In chief, 82, 162

In cross, 162

In fesse, 95, 162

In foliage, 162

In glory, 162

In lure, 162

In pale, 163

In pile, 163

In pride, 94, 163

In profile, loi

In saltire, 163

In splendour, 163

Imperial eagle, 91

Increment, increscent, 163

Indented, 19, 163

Indian goat, 163

Inescutcheon, 30, 163

Infamed, 163

Inflamed, 163

Inkhorn, 163

Ink moline, 163

Inn signs, 304

Insects, heraldic, 96

Interlaced, 164

Invected, 19, 164

Inverted, 94, 164

Irradiated, 164
Ireland, arms, 282

Isabel of Angouleme, Queen Consort of
England, crown, 262

Isabelle of France, Queen Consort of Eng-
land, 219 ; seal, 73
Isles, Lord of the, 286
Islip, Abbot, rebus, 188
Issuant, 164

Jackson arms, 93, 194
Jambe, gamb, 86, 164

James I., of Great Britain, 282 ; crown, 264 ;

badges, 308 ; motto, 323
James II., of Great Britain, 282 ; badges,
308

James IV., of Scotland, 292
James, St, Order of, 164
Jane Seymour, Queen Consort of England,
badge, 308

Januarius, St., Order of, 164
Javelin, 164
Jellop, 164

Jerusalem, Crusader Kings of, arms. 42
Jessant, jessant de lis, 90, 164
Jesses, jessed, 92, 164
Jewel. See Badge

Joan de Barr, Countess of Surrey, 212, 397
John, King of England, badge, 305; seal,
393

John “of Eltham,” Earl of Cornwall, 216,
245 : effigy, 65

John Plantagenet, “of Ghent,” K.G., badge,
92 ; seals, 92

John, King of France, 294
John, St, Order of, 164
Joinant, 164
Jousts, 164
Jupon, 66
Jutland arms, 289

K.B, 164
K.C.B., 165
K.C.H., 165

Kerrison, Sir Edward, 296

27—2

420

INDEX.

Key, 1 6s
Kingfisher, 92

Kings-of-Arms, 165 ; crown, 277, 342
King's College Chapel, Cambiidge, crown
from, 263
Kite, 90

Knight arms, 60
Knights, 165
Knighthood, 372

Knights of Orders, marshalling of their arms,
230, 231

Knights of Malta, 164
Knots, 1 18, 165, 313

Label, 32, 165 ; cadency marked by, 235
Labels, early, 237 ; various forms, 237 ; dif-
ferenced, 238

Labels of Wales, of France, 241, 242, 256; of
Brittany, 237 ; of Warren, 239
Labels of Princes and Princesses, 289
Labels borne as charges, 241
Laci, Henry de, Earl of Lincoln, 66
Lacy knot, 165, 314
Lambeaux, 44, 235
Lambrequin, 165
Laminated, 165
Lampasse, 165

Lancaster, Edmund, first Earl of, 53, 83
Lancaster, Henry, third Earl of, 398
Lancaster, Henry, fourth Earl and .first
Duke of, 67

Lancaster, Sir Thomas, 259
Lancaster Herald, 160, 165, 342
Lancaster rose, 165
Lance, 349
Lanert, 90

Langton, Bishop, rebus, 31 1
Langued, 166
Lascelles, Roger de, 214
Latham, Lathom, 301
Latymer, Thomas le, 240
Latymer, William le, 240
I^auderdale, Earl of, arms, 83
T,aurel-leaves, 166
Leash, 166
Leather bottle, 166

Leaves, 166

Legged, membered, 166
Legion of Honour, 166
Legs, human, 166 ; of animals, 166
Leopard, the term applied to the lion passant
by early heralds, 79, 88, 167
Leopard’s face, 90
Leslie, Bartholomew, 322
Leopold, H.R. H. the Prince, 289
L’Estrange, Le Strange, arms, 79
Letters of the alphabet, 167
Leveson arms, 166

Lichfield, the Bishop and See of, 362
Lieutenant, 167
Lily, 167 ; lily-pot, 167
Limbeck, 167

Lincoln, the Bishop and See of, 362
Lines of partition, 19, 168
Lion, Heraldry of, 76, 168
Lion of England, 80
Lion of Scotland, 76, 84

Lion, couchant or dormant, 82, 85 ; coward,
82 ; double-tailed or queue fourchee, 83 ;
passant, 79 ; passant guardant, 79 ; passant
reguardant, 80 ; rampant, 77, 85 ; rampant
reguardant, 77 ; salient, 81, 85 ; sejant, 81,
85 ; sejant rampant, 82 ; statant, 80 ; sta-
tant guardant, 80 ; sejant guardant, 82
Lions, conventionally drawn, 84
Lion, demi, 86, 168
Lion leopard, 79

Lion’s face, 86 ; jambe, 86 ; head, 86 ; paw,
87

Lions combatant, 81 ; counter-passant, 82 ;

counter-rampant, 77, 81
Lioncel, 83, 168
Lined, 168
Lindworm, 139
Lisle, Viscount, 257
Lists, 168

Little Easton, brass at, 72
Livery colours, 168, 256
Lizard, 168

Llandaff, the Bishop and See of, 363

Lobster, 168

Lochaber axe, 168

Lodged, 87, loi, 168

Longespee, William. See William

INDEX.

421

Longespee, label of, 239
Lord Lyon, King-of-Arms, 319, 343
Lord Mayor, 172
Lome arms, 152
Lorton, the Viscount, 81
Louis, the Dauphin, 396
Louisa, the Princess, 291

Lovell, Louell, Sir John, 239
Lovell, Sir William, 239
Lozenge, 31, 168
Lozenge of arms, 226
Lozengy, 49, 168
Lozengy masculy, 50
Luce, luces, lucies, 95, 169, 251
Lucy arms, 95, 251 ; seal, 95, 169
Luna, 169
Lunenburgh, 283
Lure. See Hawk’s Lure
Lyhart, Walter, Bishop of Norwich, rebus,
312

Lymphad, 152
Lytton, Bulwer, 322
Lyon, King-of-Arms, 169
Lyon Court, 169
Lyons, Lord, arms, 82

Mace, 169
Macers, 169

Mackenzie, Sir George, 352

Magna Charta, sealed, 393

Magnaville, Geoffrey de, 64

Maiden’s head and rose badge, 169, 308

Maintenance, cap of, 169, 273

Maitland, Sir Gibson, arms, 83

Male gryphon. 170

Malmesbury, the Earl of, 321

Maltese cross, 42

Maltravers arms, 69

Manacles, 170

Manche, maunche, 170

Manchester, the Bishop and See of, 363

Maned, 170

Man’s head, 170

Man tiger, 170

Mantle, 70, 74, 170, 376

Mantling or lambrequin, 71, 165, 170, 232

Marcassin, 170

Margaret, Queen of Edward I., 216
Margaret, Queen of Scotland, 322
Margaret of France, 73, 220
Marks of Cadency, 171, 296, 391
Marlin, 90

Marmion, Sir Robert de, 145
Marquess, 171 ; coronet and robes, 171, 267
Marshal and Earl Marshal, 171, 342
Marshalling, 98, 102, 210
Martel, martell, 158

Martlets, 171, 252 ; as differencing charges,
251, 255, 259

Mary Tudor badges, 308

Mary Stuart arms, 283

Mascle, 31, 171

Masculy, 50

JMasoned, 119, 171

Massy, Lord, arms, 79

Master of ceremonies, 171

Maunche, 172

Mayor, 172

Medals. 172, 296, 391

Medjidle, Order of the, 172

Melford, Earl of. See Perth

Membered, 94, io3

Merchants’ marks, 172

Mercury, 172

Mercury’s mace, 120

Mere, Abbot, Thomas de la, 54

Merlette, 172

Merlion, 172

Merman. 173

Mesne lord, 173

Metals of Heraldry, 11, 12

Methuen, Baron, 91

Meux crest, 94

Middle base, 173

Middle chief, 173

Middle Temple arms, 105

Mill-pick, 173

Millrine, millrind, 45, 146

Millstone, 174

Miniver, 174

Mirror, 174

Mitres, 174, 274

Molesworth arms, 295

Moline, 174

422

INDEX.

Monarch, 174

Monogram, 174, 313

Montacute, William de, 66, 67

Montague, Sir Edward, 240

Montague, Sir Symon, 218

Montague, William de, 218

Montem custom, 174

Montmorency, 64, 321

Monumental Heraldry, 369

Moon, in complement or plenitude, 175

Moor-cock, 175

Moor's head, 175

Morion, 175

Mornington, the Earl of, 259

Morse, 175

Mortcours, 175

Morter, 175

Mortimer arms, 229

Mortimer panache crest, 145

Mortimer seal, 316

Mortimer, Edmund de, seal, 403

Mortimer, Hugh de, 248

Motto, mottoes, 175, 321 ; of England, 323 ;

of Garter, 376 ; of I'histle, 380 ; of St.

Patrick, 346 ; of Bath, 387
Moule’s “ Heraldry of Fish,” 94
Mound, 175, 263
Mowbray arms, 14 1
Mowbray, Thomas, K.G., 215
Mullet, 175 ; for differencing, 251
Munguldass Nuthoobhoy arms, crest, 365
Muraillee, 176
Mural crown, 272
Murrey, 176
Muschetors, 176

Naiant, 95, 176

Naissant, issuant, 89, 176

Narcissus, 176

Nassau arms, 283

Naval crown, 272

Nebulee, 19, 176

Nelson, Horatio, Viscount, 296

Neptune, 176

Nerved, 177

Neville ancient, 47, 50

Neville arms. 60, 253; crest, 300; supporters,
315 ; early seals, 394 ; badges, 175, 310
Neville of Raby, differenced shields of, 253
Neville, Lord Bergavenny, 253
Neville, John, K.G., 254
Neville, Lord Latymer, 253
Neville, Lady Charlotte, 334
Neville, Robert de, 238
Neville Grenville arms, 95 ; genealogy, 334
Newcastle, the Duke of, 88, 294
Newcombe crest, 300
Nichols, Mr. J. Gough, his opinions, 99
Nimbus, 177
Noble (coin), 402
Nobleman, 177

Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, K.G., Earl Mar-
shal, his augmented arms, 292
Norfolk, Howard, Duke of, crest, 80, 81 ;

arms, 342
Norman shields, 6
Norroy King-of-Arms, 177, 342
Northampton, the Marquess of, 331
Northcote arms, 6r
Northumberland, the Duke of, 80, 95
Norwich, the Bishop and See of, 246, 363
“ Notes and Queries,” reference to, 151
Nowed, 96, 177

Oak, 177

Oakes arms, 166

Obsidional crown, 177

Official arms, 109

Official Heraldry, 361

Official insignia marshalled, 224

Of the field, of the first, &c., 99, 177

Ogress, 1 17, i8r

Oksted arms, 166

Oldenburgh arms, 289

Oldham, Bishop, rebus, 311

Olive-tree, 177

Olive, Ingham, effigy of, 65

Ombre, 177

Ondee, 177

On degrees, 177

Ongle, 177

Onslow, the Earl, 322

INDEX.

423

Opinicus, 177
Oppressed, 177
Or, 12, 177
Orange, 35

Order of the Bath, 384

Order of the Garter, 374

Order of St. Patrick, 382

Order of the Star of India, 389

Or^er of the Thistle, 379

Order of the Victoria Cross, 391

Ordinaries and their diminutives, 20, 177

Oreiller, 177

Oriflamme, 112

Orle, urle, 30, 170

Ostrich, 93

Ostrich feather, 177, 293, 306, 308
Otter, 89, 178

Over all, “sur le tout,” 178
Overt, 178
Owl, 90, 311

Oxford, the Bishop and See of, 363
Oxford, Bishop of. Chancellor of the Order of
the Garter, 378
Oxford University arms, 363
Oxford, Earls of, arms, 353
Oxford, Queen’s College, seal, 398
Ox-yoke, 178

Padlock, 178

Paignel, John de, banner, 234
Pakington, Sir John, crest, 88
Pale, 20, 178
Pale-wise, paleways, 178
Pall, 45, 178
Pallet, 22, 58

Palmer’s staff, pilgrim’s staff, 178
Palmerston, Viscount, arms, 231
Paly, 47
Paly bendy, 49

Panache, 179, 299 ; panache crest, 300

Panther, heraldic, 179

Papal crown, 179

Partition lines, 19, 179

Parr, Catherine, Queen, 308

Party, parted, 17, 179

Paschal lamb, 179

Pascuant, 179
Passant, 79
Passant giiardant, 79
Passion, emblems of the, 370
Pastoral staff, 180
Paternal arms, 180
Patonce, 42
Patriarchal cross, 41
Patrick, St., Order of, 180
Pattee fitchee, 42
Pauldron, 180
Paw, 180

Peacock, pawne, 94, 180
Pean, 13
Pea-rise, 180
Pearl, 180

Pedigree. See Genealogy
Peer, 180 ; robes, 70
Peel, 180
Pegasus, 180
Pelham arms, 294
Pelican’s head, i3i
Pelican in piety, 93, 180
Pellet, 35

Pembridge, Sir Richard, K.G., 145
Pembroke, Earl of, 83
Pendent, i8'i
Penicuick, barony of, 322
Penned, 181

Penner and inkhorn, 18 1
Pennon, pennoncelle, 148, 181, 355
Per bend, 17, 181
Per chevron, 18
Per cross, 17
Per fesse, 17
Per pale, 17
Per saltire, 17
Perclose, 181
Percy lion, 81, 300
Percy monument, 7, S4
Perforated, 181
Perth, the Earl of, 88, 271
Peterborough, the Bishop and See of, 108, 363
Pheon, 181 ; pheoned, 109
Philip “the Good” of Burgundy, 155
Philip II., King of France, 252
Philippa of Hainhault, Queen Consort of
England, arms, 219, 232, 398

424

INDEX,

Phoenix, i8i, 308
Pierced, 182
Piety, in her, 182
Pike, 95, 182
Pile, 33, 59
Pilgrim, 182
Pily bendy, 50, 182
Placque, 70

Planche, Mr., 216, 221, 252
Plantagenet, Geoffrey, of Anjou, 182
Plantagenet Princes, badges, 182 ; arms, 241
Planta genista, 182, 305
Plate, 34

Playing-tables, 182
Plentitude, 182
Plumes of feathers, 182, 300
Pods of beans, &c., 182
Point, 182

Points of a label, 183
Points of a shield, 8
Pomegranate and rose, 307
Pomelled, 183

Pomfret, the^Earl of, crest, 272

Pomme, 35

Pommee, 183

Popinjay, 183

Porcupine, 183

Portcullis, 183, 310

Port, 183

Portugal, Beatrice of, seal, 392

Potent, 14, 184; potentee, 184

Pot, 183 ; pots, 184

Pouldron, 184

Powdered, poudree, 44, 184

Powys, Puwis, arms, 70

Precedence, the order of, 337 ; of women, 340

Preene, 184

Premier, 184

Prester John, 184, 362

Pretension, arms of, 109

Pretence, shield of, 184, 225

Preying, 89, 184

Pride, in, 184

Primate, 184

Prince, 184

Prince Consort, H. R.H. Albert, the late, 284
Princes’ coronets, 266
Prince of Wales. See Wales

Prince of Wales, H.R. H., the. See Albert
Edward

Princess of Wales. See Wales

Princesses, cadency, 289

Privy seal, 185

Proper, 89, loi, 185

Prussia, crown, 265

Pryck spur, 185

Piilham Church, 309

Punning arms and devices, 312, 352

Purfied, 185

Purpure, 12

Purse, 185

Pursuivants, 185, 342
Pyot, 185
Python, 185

Quadrate, 41, 186
Quarter, 186. See Canton
Quartered shields, 186
Quartering, examples of, 217, 225
Quartering bordure and tressure, 225
Quarterly, 17; quarterly of eight, 18
Quarterly quartered, 18, 186
Quarterly quartering, 227
Quartrefoil, 186

Queen, H.M. the, 217; her crown, 264;

royal achievement of her arms, 278
Queue, queue fourchee, 83, 186
Quill, 186
Quilled, 187
Quintain, 187
Quintefoil, 187
Quiver of arrows, 187

Rackpole beacon, 187
Radiated crown, 272
Radiant, 187
Ragulee, raguly, 19
Rainbow, 187

Ram, heraldic, 88, 89, 31 1, 319
Rampant, 77, 187
Rampant sejant, 82

Ramryge, Thomas, Abbot of St. Albans, re-
bus, 311 ; shields of arms, 88, 91, 137, 319

INDEX.

425

Ramsey arms, 88
Rapier, 187
Raping or rapin, 187
Raven, 93, 187
Rays, 187
Rayonnant, 45
Razee, 187
Rebated, 187
Rebus, 187, 310
Recercelee, 43, 123
Red hand, 188
Reed, 188

Reflected, reflexed, 118, 188
Regalia, 188
Reguardant, loi
Reindeer, 188
Removed, 188
Renfrew, the Baron, 286
Reptiles, heraldic, 96
Respectant, respecting, 18S
Rest, 125, 188
Retorted, 188
Reversed, 188
Riband, ribbon, 188, 321
Ribbon of the Garter, 378 ; of St. Patrick,
383 ; of the Star of India, 389 ; of the
Thistle, 381

Richmond, Margaret, Countess of, 261
Richard I. , arms, 279 ; badges, 305
Richard II., arms, 279 ; badges, 304, 306 ; im-
puted supporters, 317
Richard II., before his accession, 239
Richard III. badges, 307 ; supporters, 89,
318

Richmond, the Duke of, 257

Richmond Herald, 160, 342

Rings, mottoes in, 323

Ripon, the Bishop and See of, 108, 363

Rising, roussant, 94, 109

Rivers, the Earl of, 258

Roach, 96

Rochester, the Bishop and See of, 363

Rochester Bridgewardens’ arms, 119

Rochester city arms, 55

Rochester old clock, 294

Roll of Caerlaverock or Carlaverock, 234, 240

Rompu, 86

Rose of Heraldry, 188; royal badge, 259, 309 ;

modern cadency, 255 ; of Lancaster, 189,
305 ; of York, 189, 395 ; en soleil, 189 ; and
arrows, 308 ; and thistle, 308 ; on coffin of
Queen Elizabeth, 303
Rose noble (coin), 402
Rothes, the Earl, 322
Rothsay, the Duke of, 286
Rouelle spur, 189
Rouge Croix Pursuivant, 189, 342
Rouge Dragon Pursuivant, 189, 342
Roundel, roundle, 34, 190 ; for differencing,

253

Rowel, 190

Royal cadency, 255

Royal consorts, 293 ; badge, 307

Royal eagle, 92

Royal Family, cadency of the present, 289

Ruby, 190

Rudder, 190

Rue, chaplet of, 190

Rustre, 32

Sable, 12

Sacre, saker, 90, 190
Sagittarius, sagittary, centaur, 190, 305
Sail, 190 ; sails of arms, 357
St. Alban, abbey church of, arms, 88; Heraldry
of, 271

St. Albans, “the boke” of, 35

St. Albans, the Duke of, 257

St. Andrew cross, 190, 380

St. Asaph, the Bishop and See of, 108, 363

St. David’s, the Bishop and See of, 363

St. George arms, 40

St. George’s ensign, 190

St. John, early seals, 395

St. John, emblems of, 140

St. John, Agnes de, 242

St. Michael and St. George, 389

St. Patrick, banner of, 359

St. Patrick, order, insignia, and officers, 382

St. Paul, arms, 108

St. Peter, 108

St. Quintin arms, 212, 299

Saffron Walden arms, 352

Salamander, 190

426

INDEX.

Salient, 81, 191

Salisbury, the Bishop and See of, 363
Salisbury, Marquess of, 259
Salisbury, William Longespee, Earl of. See
William
Sallet, 191
Salmon, 96
Salt-cellars, 19 1
Saltire, 25, 191
Saltire-wise, 19 1
Sandal, 191
Sanglant, 191
Sanglier, 191
Sanguine, 12, 191
Sans, sans nombre. 191, 252
Sapphire, 191
Saracen, 192
Saturn, 192
Satyr, 192
Savage, 192
Savory knot, 314
Saxony, ancient, 285

Saxony, Albert Edward, Duke of,

285

Saxony, the late Prince Consort,

Duke of, 285
Scaled, 192
Scaling-ladder, 192
Scallop. See Escallop
Scarf, 192
Scarp, 24, 192
Sceptre, 192
Scimitar, 193
Scintlllant, 193
Scorpion, 193
Scotch spur. See Spur
Scotland, arms, 282 ; the tressure of, 225
Scott, Sir Walter, 173
Scrip, 193
Scrog, 193

Scroll and motto, 193, 232, 321

Scrope arms, 244

Scrope, John, Lord, crest, 179

Scrope and Grosvenor controversy, 245

Scruttle, 193

Scut, 193

Sea-dog, 193

Seagrave, 216

Sea-horse, 193
Seal, 193

Seals, Heraldry of, 393 ; introduced into Eng-
land, 397 ; great seals 394
Sea-lion, 193
Seaton, Baron, 272
Seax, 193
Secretum, 394
Sees, arms of, 109, 361
Seeds of plants, &c., seeded, 193
Segreant, 193
Sejant, 193
Sejant addorsed, 193
Semee, 44, 100
Seraph’s head, 194
Serpent, 194
Seruse, cerise, 123, 194
Setvans, Sir Robert de, 209
Seymour, Jane, Queen Consort of England,
293, 308
Shackle, 194

Shackle-bolt, shackbolt, 146, 194
Shakefork, 194

Shakspeare arms, 195 ; refers to badges, &c.,
89, 95, 169, 305, 373
Shamrock, 194, 308
Sheaf of arrows, 194
Sheldrake, 92, 194
Shields, heraldic, 6—10
Shields of pretence, 30, 225
Shields on monuments, 87
Ship, 195, 356

Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, 252, 294

Shoveller, 92, 195

Shrewsbury, the Earl of, 88, 200

Shuttle, 195

Shuttleworth arms, 352

Sickle and garb badge, 314

Silk hanks, 195

Silvestre de Petrasancta, 1 1

Single, 195

Silver mark, 79

Sinister, 195

Sinople, 195

Six-foil, 195

Slay, 195

Slipped, 195

Sleuthhound, 88, 271

INDEX.

427

Snake, 96
Soaring, 195
Sol, 195

Soldering-iron, 195
Somerset, the Dukes of, 293
Somerset Herald, 160, 342
Sovereign (coin), 402
Spancelled, 195
Sparrowhawk, 90
Spear, 195

Spencer, the Earl of, 150
Speed, at, 195
Spervers, 195
Sphinx, 195
Splendour, 195 -
Sprig, 196
Springing, 196
Spur, 196

Square-pierced, 196
Squirrel, 89
SS, collar of, 71
Stafford badges, 314

Stafford, Humphrey, K.G., Garter-plate, 72
Stafford, John, Archbishop of Canterbury,
246

Stafford knot, 196
Stag, 87, 196
Stag attires, 196

Stall-plates, 196; of the Garter, 376
Standard, 148, 357

Standard of Henry of Bolingbroke, 357 ; of
the Earl of Warwick, 357
Stanhope, the Earl of, 259
Stanley, Earl of Derby, crest, 301
Staple, 197
Star, 197

Star of India, Order of, 390
Star of Orders, Bath, 386 ; Garter, 377 ; St.
Patrick, 383 ; Thistle, 379 ; Star of India,

390

Starved, 197
Statant, 80, 197
Staves, 197

Staunton, William de, 326
Steel cap, 197

Stephen, arms, 279 ; badge, 279, 305
Stern, 92, 197
Still, 197

Stirrup, 197
Stockfish, 289
Stock, 197
Stole, 197

Stormerk arms, 289
Stork, 92

Stotherd’s monumental effigies, 326

Streaming, 197

Stringed, 197

Sturgeon, 96

Subordinaries, 28, 197

Subverted, 197

Sufflue or clarion, 198

Suffragan, 198

Sun in glory, or in splendour, 198, 306
Supporters, 198, 232, 315 ; their origin, 315 ;
single, 400

Supporters of England, 317
Supporters of Scotland, 318
Supporters, Royal, 317
Surcoat, 63, 64
Surmounted, 199

Surrey, De Warrenes, Earls of. See War-
renne

Surtout, sur le tout, 199
Sussex, St. John of, 396
Sustained, 199
Sutherland, the Duke of, 42
Swan, 92, 93 ; badge of De Bohuns, 310 , as
supporter, 316
Swan’s neck, 94
Sweden, modern, 289
Swepe, 199
Swivel, 199
Sword, 199
Sykes, 35
Syren, 199

Tabard, 68
Tabernacle, 200
Talbot dog, 81
Target, 200
Tasselled, 94, 200
Tau cross, 45
Tawney, tenny, 200
Teazle, 200

428

INDEX.

Tercel. 90
Tergiant, 201
Templars, Knights, 374
Tenants, 2co
Terri, John, 202
Teutonic Knights, Order of, 201
Thistle, 201 ; badge of Scotland, 308 ; Order
of the, 379

Thomas a Becket, 151

Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, 71

Thomas Plantagenet “ of Woodstock,” 54, 399

Thorpe, Sir E. de, 145 ; helm, 328 ; effigy, 67

Threstle, 201

Thunderbolt, 201

Thurstan seal. 396

Tiara, 201

Tiercee, 201

Tiger, 88

Tilting helmet, 201, 327 ,

Tilting spear, 201
Timbre, 201
Tinctures, ii, 12, 13
Tiptoft, Lady, 70, 74
Toison d’or, 201
Topaz, 201
Torch, 201
Torqued, 201
Torse, 201

Torteau, torteaux, 35, 242
Tortoise, 202
Tournee, 202
Tournament, 202
Tower, 202 ; towered, 202
Trade-marks, 202
Transfixed, transpierced, 202
Transfluent, 119
Transmuted, 203
Transposed, 203
Traversed, 203
Treflee, 203
Trefoil, 203, 258
Treille, trellise, 203
Tressure, 30, 59, 139
Triangle, counter-triangle, 51
Tricked, tricking, 203, 370
Tricolour, 203
Tricorporate, 82, 203
Trident, 203

Trinity, Holy, 119, 370

Triparted, 203 ; and fretted, 40

Triple plumes, 204

Tripping, trippant, 87, loi

Triton, 204

Trononne, 204

Trout, 96

Trumpet, 204

Trumpingdon arms, 204

Trumpingdon, Sir Roger de, 251, 326

Truncheon, 204

Trundle, 204

Trunked, 120

Trussed, trussing, 93

Tudors, cadency of the, 245; roses, 204

Tudor, Arthur,^Prince of Wales, seal, 307

Tudor, Jaspar, K.G., 198

Tun, 204

Turnpike, 204; turnstile, 204
Turret, 204
Tusked, 205
Tyndal crests, 300
Tynes, 87

Ulster Klng-of-Arms, 205, 343
Ulster badge, 313
Umbrated, adumbrated, 205
Uncoupled, 135
Undee, undy, 19
Unguled, 205

Unicorn, 205 ; supporters of Scotland and
England, 318

Union device of Great Britain, 217

Union flag, 147, 355

Upright, 205

Urchin, 205

Urdee, 43

Uriant, 95

Usher of Black Rod, 205, 379

Vacha, Sir Richard de la, 239
Vair, 13 • -

Valence, De, orle of martlets, 252 ; label, 239
Valence, Aymer de, Earl of Pembroke, 64, 71

INDEX.

429

Valence, William de, his shield, 53, 252

Vallary crown, 133, 272

Vambraced, 206

Vamplate, 206

Vandals, ensign of, 289

Vane at Etchingham, 360

Vannet, 206

Varied fields, 47

Vavassour, Manger le, seal, 397

Venus, 206

Verdee, verdoy, 206

Vernon knot, 206 '

Verdun, Theobald de, 212

Vere, De, arms and diapered shield, 53

Vere, Sir Robert de, his effigy, 66

Vere, Robert de, Earl of Oxford, 149, 268

Vernon motto, 175

Verrey. See Vair

Vert, 12

Verted, reverted, 206
Verules, verolles, 206
Vested, 206
Vexillum, 103

Victoria Cross, Order of the, 206
Vigilant, 89

Viscount, 207 ; coronet, 269 ; robes, 70

Visitations, heralds’, 343

Voided cross, 44, 207

Voiders, 207

Vol, 94

Volant, 94

Voranl, 136

Vulned, 89

Walled, 207
Wake arms, 36
Wake, Margaret, 243
Wake and Ormond knot, 207
Wales, Edward, styled Prince of, 285, 286,
289 : Earl of Chester, 286 ; coronet, 265 ;
feather badge, 308
Wales, H.R.H. Princess of, 287
War-cry, 321

Warrenne, Warren, De, Earls of Warren and
Surrey, diapered shields, 54 ; arms, 49, 141 ;
labels, 239

Warrenne, Joan de. Countess of Surrey,. 2xt
Warwick, the Beauchamps, Earls of, 250, 357
Warwick, Richard Beauchamp, K. G. , badge,
88, 310

Water-bouget, 118, 258

Wattled, 94, 127

Wavy, 19, 208

Wedge, 208

Weir, weare, haie, 208

Well, 208 ; well-bucket, 208

Wellesley arms, 36, 292

Wellington, Arthur, K.G., 292, 296 ; his
paternal differences, 259 ; crest, 302
Welsh harp, 208

Westmeath, the Marquess of, 59
Westminster Abbey, Heraldry of, 91, 279
Westminster Hall, arms of the Confessor at,
279

Westphalia arms, 283
Whales, 96 ; whales’ heads, 96
I Whaley Monastery arms, 96
Whalley arms, 96
Whatton, shield of effigy at, 46
Wheathampstede, John, Abbot of St. Albans,
246, 271, 312
Wheatsheaf. See Garb
Wheel, Catherine, 208
Whintain. See Quintain
Whirlpool, 208
White ensign, 208
White hart badge, 304
White horse of Kent, 88
i Whitworth, effigy at, 37
' Widow, her arms, 223
! Widow of pe6r, her arms, 223
Widower, his arms, 224
, Wild duck, 92
j Wild goose, 92
Wild man, 208

Willoughby de Eresby arms, 59
William I., imputed arms, 279; seal, 1.75
William II., imputed arms, 279
William III., arms, 282 ; arms of consort, 283
William IV., arms, 284

William de Longespee, Earl of Salisbury, 64,
83, 97

j Winchester, arms of See, 362 ; Bishops, pre-
j lates of the Garter, 378

430

INDEX.

Windsor, Dean of, Registrar of the Garter,
379

Windsor Herald, i6o, 342
Winged, 94
Wings, 208
Winnowing-fan, 209
Winton rebus, 31 1

Wodestock. See Thomas “ of Woodstock ”

Wolf, 89

Woolpack, 209

Woodville arms, 55

Wood arms, 223

Worcester, the Bishops and See of, 363
Wreath, 209 ; wreathed, 209
Wreath crest, 231

Wyvern, 209

Yarmouth, Great. See Great Yarmouth
Yoke, 143

York, arms of the See, 108, 362
York, Edmond, first Duke of, 91
York Herald, 160, 343

York and Lancaster, wars of, 127 ; badges
of, 305

York, roses of, 209

Youghal, seals of the borough, 221

Zouche, De la, differenced shields, 248
Zule, 209

ERRATA.

Page 133. — In line 25, for Rural read Mural.

,, 152.— In line 10, for Jame read Jamb.

,, 154. — In line 17, for free read tree.

,, 283. — In line 20, for Hanovarian read Hanoverian.

Date Due

All library items are subject to recall

at any time.

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